The Unsolved Case of the Oakland County Child Killer

The Unsolved Case of the Oakland County Child Killer The Oakland County Child Killer (OCCK) is an obscure liable for the unsolved homicides of at least four youngsters, two young ladies and two young men, in Oakland County, Michigan, in 1976 and 1977. The Murders From February 1976 to March 1977, in Oakland County, Michigan, four youngsters were hijacked, held for as long as 19 days, and afterward killed. The executioner would then dress them in their newly squeezed apparel, and leave their bodies deliberately situated on covers of day off laying in full sight close to a street. The killings brought about the biggest homicide examination in U.S. history around then, however it neglected to create a suspect. Imprint Stebbins Toward the evening on Sunday, February 15, 1976, 12-year-old Mark Stebbins of Ferndale, Michigan,â disappeared afterâ leavingâ the American Legion Hall to return home to sit in front of the TV. After four days, on February 19, his body was found around 12 miles from his home, laying in a snowbank in a parking garage in Southfield. He was wearing a similar garments that he had was wearing on the day that he was snatched, however they were cleaned and squeezed. A post-mortem examination established that he had been with an article and choked to death. Rope copies were found on his wrists, showing that his hands had been firmly bound. Jill Robinson In the late evening of Wednesday, December 22, 1976, 12-year-old Jill Robinson of Royal Oak, got into a contention with her mom and chose to gather a pack and flee from home. It was the latest day that she was seen alive. The following day, on December 23, her bike was found behind a store situated on Main Street in Royal Oak. Three days after, her body was discovered lying in favor of Interstate 75 close to Troy inside full sight of the Troy police headquarters. A dissection confirmed that Jill had passed on from a shotgun impact to her face. Like Mark Stebbins, she was completely dressed in the garments that she had worn when she vanished. Set close to her body, police discovered her rucksack which was flawless. Like Mark, her body gave off an impression of being painstakingly positioned on a heap of day off. Kristine Mihelich On Sunday, January 2, 1977, at around 3 p.m., 10-year-old Kristine Mihelich of Berkley, went to the close by 7-Eleven and got a few magazines. She was never to be seen alive again. Her body was found 19 days after the fact by a mail bearer who was on his rustic course. Kristine was completely dressed and her body situated in the day off. The executioner had likewise shut Kristines eyes and collapsed her arms over her chest. Despite the fact that her body was left along a provincial street in Franklin Village, it was left in full perspective on a few homes. A post-mortem examination later uncovered that she had been covered. The Task Force Following Kristine Mihelich’s murder, specialists reported that they accepted that the youngsters had been killed by following the region. An official team was framed explicitly to explore the killings. It was comprised of law implementation from 13 networks and drove by the Michigan State Police. Timothy King On Wednesday, March 16, 1977, at around 8 p.m., 11-year-old Timothy King left his Birmingham home with $0.30 pennies to purchase sweets, his skateboard tucked under his arm. He was made a beeline for a drugstore close to his home in Birmingham. In the wake of making his buy, he left the store through the back leave which prompted a parking area where he appeared to vanish like a phantom. With one more instance of anâ abducted and likely killed youngster on their hands, the specialists chose to play out a monstrous pursuit all through the whole Detroit zone. TV news stations and Detroit papers intensely revealed about Timothy and the other killed kids. Timothy Kings father showed up on TV, begging the hijacker to not hurt his child and to release him. Marion King, Timothys mother, composed a letter that said she trusted she would see Timothy soon with the goal that she could give him his preferred dinner, Kentucky Fried Chicken. The letter was imprinted in â€Å"The Detroit News.† The evening of March 22, 1977, Timothy Kings body was found in a jettison close by a street in Livonia. He was completely dressed, yet clearly his garments had been cleaned and squeezed. His skateboard had been put close to his body. A post-mortem examination report demonstrated that Timothy had been explicitly ambushed with an item and covered to death. It was likewise uncovered that he had eaten chicken before he was killed. Before Timothy Kings body was discovered, a lady offered data about the missing kid. She told the team that on that night that kid disappeared, she saw him conversing with a more seasoned man in the parking garage behind the drugstore. She depicted Timothy and his skateboard. Had she seen Timothy, however she likewise got a truly decent glance at the man he was conversing with, just as his vehicle. She told the specialists that the man was driving a blue AMC Gremlin with white stripes as an afterthought. With her assistance, a police sketch craftsman had the option to do a composite drawing of the more seasoned man and of the vehicle he was driving. The sketch was discharged to people in general. Profile of the Killer The team built up a profile of the dependent on depictions given by witnesses who saw Timothy conversing with a man on the night that he was kidnapped. The profile portrayed a white male, dull complected, age 25 to 35, with shaggy hair and long sideburns. Since the individual appeared to have the option to pick up the trust of kids, the team accepted that the executioner was potentially a cop, specialist, or a priest. The profile proceeded to portray the executioner as somebody who knew about the territory and presumably lived alone, conceivably in a remote region, since he had the option to for a few days without companions, family or neighbors knowing. The Investigation More than 18,000 hints came into the team, and every one of them were explored. In spite of the fact that there were different wrongdoings that the police found while doing their examinations, the team had not gotten any nearer to catching the killer.â Allen and Frank Detroit specialist Dr. Bruce Dantoâ and an individual from the team group got a letter half a month after Timothy King was killed. The letter was composed by somebody who called themselves Allen. what's more, professed to be the of his flat mate Frank who was the Oakland County Child Killer. In the letter, Allen portrayed himself as blame ridden, repentant, terrified, self-destructive, and near the very edge of losing his psyche. He said that he had been with Allen on numerous travels searching for young men, yet that he was never present when Frank kidnapped the kids or when he killed them Allen additionally composed that Frank drove a Gremlin, yet that he had trashed it in Ohio, gone forever. To offer examiners a rationale in the homicides, Allen said that Frank slaughtered youngsters while battling in Viet Nam and was damaged by it. He was delivering retribution on rich individuals with the goal that they would endure as he did while in Viet Nam. Allen needed to work out an arrangement and offered to turn over implicating pictures that could be utilized as proof against Frank. In return, he needed the Governor of Michigan to consent to an arrangement that would give him immunityâ from indictment. Dr. Danto consented to meet Allen at a bar, yet Allen didn't appear and he was never gotten notification from again. In December 1978 the choice was made to stop the team and the state police assumed control over the examination.

Crucible Character Analysis On Essay Example For Students

Pot Character Analysis On Essay Character Analysis of John ProctorDuring the mid 1950s, Senator Joe McCarthy drove a crusade to uncover claimed Communists in the State Department. Many considered it a witch-chase. In Arthur Millers play, The Crucible, the humble community of Salem is inundated in craziness because of the allegations of youngsters that a considerable lot of the townspeople participated in black magic. Among the charged is John Proctor, a solid, immovable rancher. Delegate is the awful legend of the story. Despite the fact that he attempts to turn into a saint however winds up being one of the denounced. Delegate attempts to stay an unfortunate legend through his endeavors to spare his significant other from being hung, attempting to demonstrate the youngsters as fakes, and not admitting to rehearsing black magic once he was denounced. Delegate is an unfortunate legend in his endeavors to spare his better half. Delegate first presentation of attempting to spare his better half is demonstrated when the Court authorities come to remove Elizabeth. Delegate is so goaded by this attack on his home that he tears the warrant and instructs them to leave rather strongly saying, Damn the Deputy Governor! Out of my house!(77), showing his serious love for his better half. Delegate gives indications of being a lamentable legend when he endeavors to go into court to spare his significant other and demonstrate the young ladies liars. Nonetheless, he winds up being charged himself. Mary Warren is in court affirming when she out of nowhere separates madly, pointing at Proctor, dreadful of him: My name, he need my name. Sick homicide you, he says, if my significant other hands! We should go and over toss the court, he says Proctor wake me consistently, his eyes resembled coals and his fingers paw my neck and I sign, I sign(119). He nce John Proctor bombs in attempting to safeguard his better half from the grip of the bogus informers, rather he falls go to them. Delegate sets up that the youngsters are lying in court as for their allegations of the townspeople. Delegate initially learns of this through his family hireling, Mary Warren who is one of the informers. Delegate deducts from the occasions that Mary Warren and Abigail, the lead backstabber, are in cahoots in attempting to execute Proctors spouse by blaming her for black magic. They concoct what is fundamentally a voodoo doll that Mary Warren builds in court and provides for Elizabeth. When Marry Warren is gathered to the room where all the upheaval is and is inquired as to whether she has any information on the doll and conjuring she says Conjures me? Why, no, sir, I am completely myself, I think. Let you ask Susanna Walcottshe saw me sewin it in court. Or on the other hand better despite everything: Ask Abby, Abby sat adjacent to me when I made it. (76). Delegate draws an obvious conclusion and finds that it is each of the a scam. Delegate chooses to go to court and uncover the you ng ladies. Appallingly they turn on him and he is blamed for being the main demon assistant (114-120). Indeed, Proctor attempts to do great yet is erroneously blamed and is spoken to as a terrible saint. Delegate denies being a witch until the day of his demise. He verges on admitting to black magic however understands that it disfavors his great name and its all that he will leave his youngsters. Delegate says, I have three childrenhow may I encourage them to walk like men on the planet when he has sold his companions and his great name (143). Delegate additionally discloses to the adjudicator Because it is my name! Since I can't have another in my life! Since I untruth and sign myself to lies! Since I personally do not merit the residue on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my spirit; leave me my name!(143). With this request Proctor runs all expectations of living and has built up himself as a grievous saint. .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add , .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .postImageUrl , .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add , .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add:hover , .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add:visited , .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add:active { border:0!important; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add:active , .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua2192616f6f 9e2dcb86fab2a72653add .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua2192616f6f9e2dcb86fab2a72653add:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Creative Title For All Quiet On The Western Front EssayIt is obvious, that John Proctor is the awful legend. This is shown by his persistent campaign to free his better half, uncover the youngsters as cheats, and not admitting to black magic. Arthur Miller picks John Proctor to be the awful legend of the story since Proctor had so far and away also lose.

The Perfect Match

The Perfect Match While many of our students have known for a quite some time that MIT is where they wanted to be, others were less certain. Some may even have thought that another institution was a better (gasp) match for them. That is of course, until they had the opportunity to experience all things MIT over the course of Campus Preview Weekend, better known simply as CPW. As for CPW, I dont think it goes according to plan for most prefrosh, because I dont think it is possible to grasp the sheer enormity of it, without having experienced CPW previously. How many campus visit programs have had their own App  developed by a participant, just to keep track of everything that was going on? (Since this was such a great idea, we are planning to have a platform-independent mobile site that should work for everyone, up and running by CPW) But I digress. As I am sure that if you are planning to come to CPW, you have reflected on what you would like to get out of the experience, have a preliminary idea of specific things that you would like to do, and have already made all the necessary arrangements to attend, and are not waiting, in typical MIT fashion until the very last minute of the April 5 deadline to get registered. Regardless, what I really wanted to talk about is finding the perfect match. I should mention that I am not specifically referring to MIT, although you may find that MIT is the perfect match for you as well. I am referring to finding a perfect match to serve as your anchor or guide during CPW. I have heard from a number of current students that getting connected with the right guide or community was crucial to their experience. CPW offers a lot of choices, and navigating those choices is much easier if you get connected with the right undergrad host. In the same way that we are concerned about who we offer admission to, we are concerned about having the best possible match between the prefrosh (get used to it, you will be hearing it a lot) and hosts. We ask the same questions of prefrosh registering for CPW as we do of the volunteer hosts. Our goal is to use all of that information, to make the best matches possible. Keep in mind that we have already admitted you. We already know that you are awesome. You dont need to tell us that research and academics are the most important things for you to learn about from your host, if in fact you are most concerned about finding a group to play ultimate frisbee with. If, for example, you are African-American (like me) and are interested in connecting with other African-Americans or learning about the community here, you should identy your cultural affinty, select that it is very important, and at the end of the survey indicate that Cultural Affinity is most important to you. The same principle applies whether connecting with a religious or faith community is tantamount, or you just want to make sure that you get to eat while at MIT by hanging out with people who have the same dietary restrictions as you. One other note on ranking questions by importance, is the necessity of gradation. If you rank everything as equally important, (whether Not, Somewhat, or Very) you are effectively saying that nothing is important, or at least nothing is more important than anything else, which wont help us in making a good match. Whether you have registered already or not, you still have some time to think it over, because you can complete or update your CPW registration up through the deadline on April 5.

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Berth and Birth Commonly Confused Words

The noun berth refers to a place to sleep (usually on a train or ship), a place for a boat to moor, or a persons place or position on a team. As a verb, berth means to bring something (usually a ship) into a place where it can stay. The noun birth refers to the arrival of a baby (that is, the emergence of an infant from its mothers body) or to the beginning of something. As a verb, birth means to be born or to give rise to something. Examples At night, the seats pulled together to form the lower berth. The upper swung down on hinges from the wall. The upper berth contained the blankets, linens, mattresses, and pillows for both beds.(Rudolph L. Daniels, Trains Across the Continent: North American Railroad History. Indiana University Press, 2000)When a ship arrives at the port, the planners must decide where to berth the ship for the unloading and loading of containers.[Curt Siodmak] found an assignment at Paramount Pictures rewriting the script for a Dorothy Lamour sarong saga. He then found a berth at Universal Pictures, which specialized in horror movies.(Lee Server, Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers. Facts on File, 2002)An outdooring is the first African rite of passage. It always begins at dawn, eight days after the childs birth, and gives family and friends a chance to see and welcome the newest soul.(Maya Angelou, All Gods Children Need Traveling Shoes. Random House, 1986)The fact is that women can grow and birth a child independently of the father. Sadly, an increasing number of women in our modern societies are compelled to do exactly that.(Aviva Jill Romm, The Natural Pregnancy Book. Celestial Arts, 2011) Idiom Alert: "Give (Someone or Something) a Wide Berth" [This idiom means] to keep well away from or avoid (someone or something): I always give the park a wide berth when Im out at night. [A nautical idiom―a berth is the amount of space necessary for a sailing ship to maneuver safely.](Elizabeth McLaren Kirkpatrick and C.M. Schwarz, The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms. Wordsworth Editions, 1993)If Vito was impressed by his new schools academics, he gave a wide berth to its extracurricular activities and is notably absent from his sophomore and junior yearbooks.(Michael Schiavi, Celluloid Activist: The Life and Times of Vito Russo. University of Wisconsin Press, 2011) Practice Exercises (a) In the history of invention a long time almost invariably elapses between the ____ of an idea and its realization in practice.(H. W. Dickinson and Arthur Titley, Richard Trevithick: The Engineer and the Man, 1934)(b) Give a wide _____ to nesting birds, animals with young, and wildlife that is using a water source. Feel free to watch these wild inhabitants of the desert, but do so at a respectful distance so that your presence does not disturb them.(Erik Molvar and Tamara Martin, Hiking Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, 2nd ed. Globe Pequot, 2005)(c) McDowell helped me walk back to the ships sick bay, a small _____ walled in with panels of strong canvas.(Paul Dowswell, Powder Monkey: Adventures of a Young Sailor. Bloomsbury, 2005) Answers to Practice Exercises (a) In the history of invention a long time almost invariably elapses between the  birth  of an idea and its realization in practice.(H. W. Dickinson and Arthur Titley,  Richard Trevithick: The Engineer and the Man, 1934)(b) Give a wide  berth  to nesting birds, animals with young, and wildlife that is using a water source. Feel free to watch these wild inhabitants of the desert, but do so at a respectful distance so that your presence does not disturb them.(Erik Molvar and Tamara Martin,  Hiking Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, 2nd ed. Globe Pequot, 2005)(c) McDowell helped me walk back to the ships sick bay, a small  berth  walled in with panels of strong canvas.(Paul Dowswell,  Powder Monkey: Adventures of a Young Sailor. Bloomsbury, 2005)

The Purchase of Alaska Free Essays

There are many states in North America. Formally known as the United States of America. From New York to California, you could find millions of different types of people, and cultures from around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purchase of Alaska or any similar topic only for you Order Now But how about a state that is so isolated from them all, that many people forget it was even added as the 49th state to the country? The lone state of Alaska is to the north west of the major states and if laid on top of the other states, would cover about two-thirds of the land. And for a state that is so large, it is surely simply thought of as the coldest state.Alaska is much more then that, and has a lot of history behind just a land of snow and mountains. Alaska was discovered in 1741 by Russian settlers and had been colonized by them in 1784. With over 660 thousand square miles, Alaska was surely a big find by the Russian settler Vitus Jonassen. Not much was done at the time with Alaska, for the living conditions were really rough and treacherous. It took about forty years for the first settlements to come about in Alaska. Grigorii Shelikhov and his wife Natalia came to the Kodiak Islands along the coasts of Alaska and made a settlement along with hundreds of their kind.This was the first settlement of Alaska. From then on, settlers from Russia, Britain, the Spanish, and even American explorers and adventurers all settled in Alaska. Russia was going through financial issues and did not have sufficient funds for their country. â€Å"In 1867 United States Secretary of State William H. Seward offered Russia $7,200,000, or two cents per acre, for Alaska† (3). This was Seward’s most pronounced achievement as Secretary of State, and kept the British from taking over Alaska.This brought much more land into the United States at an extremely cheap price of 7. 2 million dollars. This purchase increased the value of America as a whole and offered many more revenues and resources. There were resources such as the huge line of seafood and fishing. Most of the seafood at the time and currently for America is brought out from the waters that surround Alaska. Most of Alaska was not explored during the time of purchase and the full benefit of Alaska was not known. After many years of exploring and the tate becoming close to what it is today, there was a discovery of oil in 1968 and this would, â€Å"have the most recoverable oil of any field in the United States† (5). After such a find, the purchase of Alaska seemed like an amazing idea, even though Seward had no idea at the time of purchase. In 1977, a pipeline for the oil recovery was laid down, and is now able to draw over eighty thousand barrels within only one hour, and the pipeline runs eight hundred-eighty miles from the top of Alaska to the bottom, going straight thru mainly the middle of the state.Even though America was bought off of Russia back in 1867, it was not a state instantly. In fact, it wasn’t even close. The population was far to low for it to become a state and also needed proper governing to be taken into consideration of being a state, â€Å"†¦wor ried that Alaska’s population was too sparse, distant, and isolated†¦too unstable for it to be a worthwhile addition to the United States† (5). Under president Eisenhower, Alaska was signed on as a state by the Alaska Statehood Act on July 7th, 1958.Overall, Alaska has brought many new and useful resources into America since it was bought and turned out to be more then just a beautiful place, but a place with plenty to offer. From food, to oil, Alaska has proved to the United States that it has helped tons with the nations economy.Works Cited 1. ) Library of Congress. â€Å"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska† LOC. 4 August 2010. Web 16 Sept. 2010.http://www. loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Alaska. html2. ) America’s Library. Purchase of Alaska: March 30, 1867† America’s Stories. 9 July 2004. Web 16 Sept. 2010. http://www. americaslibrary. gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_alaska_1. html3. ) 50 States. com. â€Å"Alaska Facts and Trivia† 2010. Web 24 Sept. 2010. http://www. 50states. com/facts/alaska. htm4. ) Thinkquest. â€Å"The first Settlement in Alaska† Web 26 Sept. 2010 http://library. thinkquest. org/22550/1784. html#5. ) Wikipedia. â€Å"Oil discovery, ANSCA, and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline† 25 September 2010. Web 25 Sept. 2010. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Alaska How to cite The Purchase of Alaska, Papers

Time Bar Charts Essay Example For Students

Time Bar Charts Essay Noradrenalins I am nurse/ chargers Identify the type of chart or graph and vatu this type of chart or graph usually depicts. At the base of the article, there is a vertical bar chart of the Number of time-loss heat illnesses surrounded by high school sportsperson, each month. Vertical bar charts frequently represent the number of events or episodes from the group, With this being the case the number of time-loss heat illnesses each month. From time to time bar charts are furthermore utilized to represent percentages of each roof as well. Why was this graph chosen to display this data? This graph illustrates a prominent impale in the number of heat illnesses in the Month of August, one of the radiator months and first months in which football training take place. It articulates to one of the major summit of the article, that heat illnesses take place the majority habitually when athletes have not on the other hand had a probability to become accustomed to the heat. What other types of graphs could have been used? Why? A horizontal bar chart possibly will have been utilized as this is the equivalent chart as the one accessible barely the axes are interchanged In adding together a line graph possibly will have symbolized the equivalent data to illustrate the trends in illnesses over time. Is the scope and scale Of the graph appropriate? Why or Why not? Yes, the scope and scale Of the graph are suitable. The x-axis Of the chart illustrates all the accessible months of the study, with the omission of 1 7 cases n which at hand was missing data, but this is distinguished in the title above the graph. In view of the fact that the graph consists of counts, the y-axis is properly shown from C to 70, presently below the extreme number of cases in whats more given month. In calculation, all axes are properly labeled and a title convoys the graphic. The chart of graph elected came from the Unites State Centers for Disease Control and Preventions MAR in the article.

Modern Thinking of Self Concept

Introduction It is not known exactly when man’s awareness of self developed. However, it is believed that the notion of self awareness has existed since the creation of man. Philosophers such as Renà © Descartes were among the first to define self concept.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Thinking of Self Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the 20th century, the concept of the self took a new turn with the emergence of behaviorism and other schools of thought on self concept. Modern thinking of self concept is varied. Humanistic psychology, spiritual concept of self and other theories constitutes modern thinking on self concept. The History of Self Concept The concept of self possibly dates as far back as the beginning of man. This is because there is no sufficient evidence on when man became aware of such intangible personal attributes self-esteem. However, studies in the development of sel f concept got a boost from the works of Rene Descartes in the 17th century. Descartes suggested the existence of the ego (non-physical being). The concept of the ego remained anonymous throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. It is only during the early 20th century that the concept of the non physical started gaining prominence (Rachlin, 1991: Plotnik, 2005). Some of the early philosophies explaining self concept include behaviorism. Behaviorism is a school of thought suggested by such renowned psychologists as B.F. Skinner and J.B. Watson. Behaviorists concede that self concept can only be understood by carefully interpreting human behavior (Baum, 2005). Within the same period, Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, the psychology of the study of the mind, which deviated slightly from behaviorism (Elliott, 2002). Humanistic psychology developed later in the mid 20th century with concepts such as self actualization gaining prominence. Famous humanist psychologists such as Car l Rogers proposed the idea of unconditional recognition, a concept in which the perception of oneself is motivated by unconditional self acceptance. Furthermore, Robert Burns suggested that self concept is a composition of personal attitudes and beliefs. The concept of self has developed further with varied opinions constituting modern thinking. These include the spiritual based concept of self, whereby each of the major religions such Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam, suggest unique philosophies on self concept (Greenberg, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The modern thinking on the self Grego (2007) argues that most of the modern theories on self concept borrow heavily from the works of Rene Descartes. Descartes’ works focus on dualism; the idea that human beings are dual in nature. Most of the modern self concept theorists build their philosophy on self concept around Descartes’ initial idea on the ego. The modern thinking suggests that human beings have an inherent need for motivation. This implies that self concept is largely determined by motivation. There are various factors that determine motivation. Abraham Maslow proposes that an individual concept of self progresses in stages. These stages are equated to progressive levels of human needs. The satisfaction of each level of needs motivates a person to acquire an improved concept about the self. As such a person’s self concept develops in stages. Other modern theories on the self concept include Sociometer and the terror management theories (Kernis, 1997). While Sociometer theorists suggest that the development of self concept is motivated by one’s social needs and the ability to fit into social groups, terror management theorists propose that security issues (and more so those related to life and death matters), determines the development of a person’s self conc ept (Solomon and McGregor, 1997). Moreover, humanistic psychology, which suggests that unconditional acceptance motivates self concept, also constitutes modern thinking. Modern thinking suggests two types of self concepts: high and low self esteem. People with high self esteem characteristically love themselves unconditionally. They also recognize themselves and live comfortably, without letting the flaws affect them negatively (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger and Vohs, 2003). On other hand, people with low self esteem fail to recognize and accept themselves. They perceive themselves negatively and desire to change certain attributes about themselves.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Thinking of Self Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Spiritual concept of self The spiritual aspects of the self concept are founded on James Hillman’s definition that psychology studies the human soul (Klemp, 20 09). Based on Hillman’s psychology, the concept of the self show a relationship with a higher being, most commonly referred to as the creator of the universe. Modern theosophists such as Helena Blavatsky suggest that the spirit, other than being incorruptible, is above the human soul. The human spirit deals with the non physical aspects of life such as virtues and vices. The spirit, thus, constitutes the self. The human soul can be attracted to the human spirit. If this happens, a person becomes overtly spiritual. The connection between the soul and the spirit forms a person‘s self concept (Creeger, 1994). Theosophists separate the soul and the spirit and argue that the human spirits transcends mortality. Thus, people who are deeply spiritual perceive themselves as immortal; they will live beyond death. Such people live in permanent freedom. People who are overly spiritual characteristically detach themselves from physical cravings, since they consider such to be a hind rance to their self actualization. As such, they concentrate in the spiritual aspects of life such as meditation, prayer and worship, and other aspects that guarantee joy and happiness. Due to their spiritual nature such people perceive themselves as closer to their supreme creator. Major world religions have specific philosophies that explain the concept of the self. The Hindu concept of self is founded on the caste system. Hindus believe that a person’s progressively move towards self actualization, by meeting spiritual needs. The progress through the caste system signifies a person spiritual growth. Similarly, Christianity proposes its own philosophy on the self concept that â€Å"man is created in Gods own image† (Hensley, n.d). In this regard, the Christian concept of self is based on positive self regard. Conclusion The development of self concept can be attributed to the works of Renà © Descartes. However, behavior psychologists made significant contribution to the development of self concept. Behaviorists suggested that a person self concept is derived from studying personal behavior. It is imperative to state that behavior psychologist ignored spiritual aspect of the self.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike behaviorists, theosophists focus on the spiritual aspects. They propose that the human being is made up of two distinct parts; the soul and the spirit. The soul is the physical, while the spirit is the powerful of the two and connects one to a higher power. The spirit, which constitutes the self, leads one to self actualization. As such, the self endures beyond death. Similarly humanist psychologists suggest that the concept of self improves with the satisfaction of progressive human needs. Self actualization is the highest level of growth one can achieve. While theosophist suggests that self actualization is only attained through the satisfaction of spiritual needs, humanists propose self actualization is met through satisfaction of human needs. Both theosophical and humanistic approaches are unified by life after death. Reference List Baum, W. (2005). Understanding Behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing. Baumeister, R., Campbell, J., Krueger, J. and Vohs, K. (2003). Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (1): 1–44. Creeger, R. (1994). Theosophy: An Introduction to the Spiritual Processes in Human  Life and in the Cosmos. Hudson, NY: Anthroposophic Press. Elliott, A. (2002). Psychoanalytic Theory: An Introduction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Grego, R. (2007). Dualism, Consciousness and Self-Identity in Descartes and Sartre. Web. Greenberg, J. (2008). Understanding the Vital Human Quest for Self-Esteem.  Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3(48). Hensley, M. (n.d.). Self Concept and Spiritual Maturity. Web. Kernis, M. (1997). Efficacy, Agency, and Self-Esteem. New York: Plenum Press. Klemp, H. (2009). The Call of Soul. Minneapolis, MN: Eckankar. Plotnik, R. (2005). Introduction to Psychology. Ontario: Thomson-Wadsworth. Rachlin, H. (1991) Introduction to Modern Behaviorism. New Y ork: Freeman. Solomon, S. and McGregor, H. (1997). Terror Management Theory And Self-Esteem: Evidence That Increased Self-Esteem Reduces Mortality Salience Effects.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72 (24). This essay on Modern Thinking of Self Concept was written and submitted by user Anya Kirby to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay Example

The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay Example The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay The Greek Hero vs.The Anglo-Saxon Hero The hero stands as an archetype of who we should be and who we wish to be. However, the hero has inherent flaws which we do not wish to strive towards.In literature, these flaws are not used as examples of what we should be but rather as examples of what not to be.This is especially dominant in the Greek hero. While the Greek hero follows his fate, making serious mistakes and having a fairly simple life, the Anglo-Saxon super hero tries, and may succeed, to change his fate, while dealing with a fairly complex life. The Greek hero is strong and mighty while his wit and intelligence are highly valued.In the Greek tragedy, the hero struggles to avoid many flaws.Among these flaws are ambition, foolishness, stubbornness, and hubris-the excessive component of pride.He must overcome his predestined fate-a task which is impossible.From the beginning of the tale, it is already clear that the hero will ultimately failwith the only way out being death.In Oedipus, the hero is already confronted with a load of information about his family and gouges his eyes out.At this point, when he tries to outwit his fate he has already lost The Anglo-Saxon hero must also deal with his fate but tries, and usually succeeds, to change it.While the Greek hero battles his fate with his excessive pride and intelligence, the Anglo-Saxon hero tries to eliminate his doom by force.The Anglo-Saxon hero is considered a barbarian of sorts due to his sometimes unethical and immoral views and courses of action.At the end, the Anglo-Saxon succeeds in altering his fate though. The Greek hero is so normal, that the reader can relate to him.He is usually a common human being with no extraordinary life. His story seems believable, even possible.

Contribute to the complex nursing of clients Case Study

Contribute to the complex nursing of clients - Case Study Example She was admitted into the ward by wheel chair for investigation of increased abdominal girth and jaundice. She has been taking corticosteroids for her asthma for 6 months and has been receiving insulin SC, BD which her husband has been administering at home. This paper shall discuss the clinical manifestations of Mrs. Carr’s diagnosis. It shall outline the appropriate nursing interventions for Mrs. Carr, taking into consideration her physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs. A rationale for these interventions shall also be discussed. Mrs. Carr’s medical management shall also be discussed along with an outline of their mode of action and what reactions may be observed from these medications. This paper shall also discuss the observations I would perform on Mrs. Carr, and the rationale for such observations. Finally, this paper shall discuss how I, as an enrolled nurse, can maintain the client’s dignity and rights within legal and ethical guidelines. There are numerous manifestations of Mrs. Carr’s disease. Since, she has multiple diseases, various signs and symptoms will be seen. Mrs. Carr’s Alzheimer’s disease manifests with her loss of memory, disorientation, mood changes, and difficulties in performing her activities of daily living. These symptoms are consistent with the symptoms of Alzheimer’s as enumerated by Vishnu (â€Å"Conditions and Diseases†). Mrs. Carr’s osteoarthritis manifests with symptoms which include pain and stiffness in her joints, loss of flexibility in her joints, and very often swelling and tenderness in the vicinity of her joints. These symptoms are consistent with the symptoms of the disease as enumerated by the Mayo Clinic (â€Å"Disease and Conditions†). Her Type I diabetes manifests with excessive thirst and fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, and frequent urination. Such symptoms, according to

Fighting Cyber-Crime Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fighting Cyber-Crime - Term Paper Example This is because: 1. Every country has their own and separate legal, technical and organizational issues. 2. All information is stored in free-text format. 3. Information keeps changing dynamically. Thus, it has become a biggest international challenge. So how are they fighting against cybercrime? This is the topic of discussion in this task. What is Cybercrime? Cybercrime is any illegal activity that is conducted through the use of computers, the internet and computer network. There are many kinds of cybercrimes that exist: internet fraud, computer hacking, spreading of malicious code or viruses, cyber piracy and many more. And new types of cybercrime keep on being introduced. (Yang, 2008, p. 32). There are many reasons why people commit cybercrime; some of which are as follows: 1. Intellectual: when hackers gain illegal access to information on a secured website or crack passwords. 2. Emotional: when hackers take revenge from any employee of a company by giving threats through the u se of emails. 3. Financial: when hackers gain money through internet fraud. 4. Accessibility: when people download pirated software from the internet. Hence, cybercrime is not an accidental approach; it is an intentional act to gain some or the other kind of benefit on the part of the person committing it. (Cross and Shinder, 2008, p. 29). Some Examples of Cybercrimes Bob Smith who was a residence of Oklahoma, observed that his credit card had been used by some criminal who did fraudulent purchases. Two accounts had been opened with his information in two different banks. The criminal further applied for a loan in Dallas to buy a car and he changed the address of Bob to some address in Dallas which was a fake address. This was an example of use of internet fraud which is a cybercrime. (Cross and Shinder, 2008, p. 4). On 8 March, 2008, some data thieves broke into computers of chain of supermarkets Sweetbay and Hannaford Brothers, and stole around 4.2 billion credit card and debit ca rd numbers. A person’s email account password was hacked and his account was misused for sending malicious code to the contacts in the person’s address book. As the people receiving the malicious code think that it is coming from their friend, they open it and execute the attachments which infect their computer with the malicious code. (Nagpal, 2008, p. 133). Fighting Against Cybercrime The police should not be the only one involved in fighting against cybercrime. Legislators should also perform their part by making appropriate laws. Furthermore, the IT community and the society themselves should report the incidents of cybercrimes to the higher authorities as well as they should take measures to prevent themselves from becoming victim to these crimes. To fight against cybercrime, the following steps are being taken: 1. Educating the IT Professionals: As they already understand computer security, IT professionals are further made aware of computer crimes in which they are educated about the law which states what things come under computer crime and what things do not. The IT professionals are also being included in the law making in which they share their expertise. Furthermore, they are being involved with the police in the investigation of any computer crime scene so that they can give technical help and advice through their expertise.

The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence Social Work Essay The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence (IWCADV) is a feminist community based organisation committed to working towards the elimination of domestic and family violence throughout the community. The primary focus of IWCADV is to provide support to women and children survivors of domestic and family violence. This includes telephone information, referral and support services, court support for women, counselling services, group work and childrens work. During my placement experience as a womens counsellor at IWCADV I first spent a few weeks developing my understanding of the issues involved in domestic violence and the systems that are in place to support women and children who are survivors of domestic and family violence. My knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence includes an understanding of the emotional impacts of abuse (such as feelings of grief and loss, anger, guilt, depression, trauma), the loss of personal and physical security, safety concerns, the financial costs, family law and other legal issues, and power and control imbalances in relationships. I have developed my knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence in my university studies and my work experience. The understanding that I gained from my University studies was enhanced during my student placement at the Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence. It was here that I developed my understanding of feminist perspectives on domestic and family violence, including the individual, familial, legal and social issues. In this role I was able to develop my understanding of feminist informed practises and techniques. I support this framework for practice as it can empower women and help them find their voice, encouraging women who have experienced the loss of control to make choices about their own life and to take responsibility for their life choices and to take back control. I worked from within a feminist framework to empower the client to find her voice and to discover her worth and make her own choices. In my role as a student counsellor at IWCADV I provided crisis support and advocacy work to women who have experienced domestic and family violence. During the beginning counselling sessions, I found it was quite difficult to always follow the story and set direction for the counselling. I took a strengths based narrative approach and usually after 2 -3 sessions a clearer picture had developed of the clients experience with domestic violence, and this continued to unfold throughout the counselling sessions. One of the most personally rewarding aspects of my counselling experience was the opportunity to explore and experience symbol and sand tray therapy. I spent some time reading Sandplay and Symbol Work Emotional healing and personal development with children, adolescents and adults by Mark Pearson and Helen Wilson to prepare for my personal experience with symbols and sand tray therapy during my professional supervision sessions. I then had the opportunity to introduce one of my counselling clients to the sand tray. Whilst I did have feelings of uncertainty about my ability to facilitate the process, I did feel comfortable enough with the setting and with my client to create a safe place for self-discovery and self-awareness. She was very open to the process and we both found this to be an enjoyable and meaningful experience. My client reported that this was a very positive experience for her and allowed her to process some of her experiences with domestic violence and that it was a breakthrough for her in terms of learning to accept and value herself. I felt that it was an honour to share this part of my clients journey. With another client who was directed by the Department of Child Safety to attend counselling, setting the direction for each session was more difficult. I did not believe that this woman was ready to explore some of the emotional issues related to the trauma that she had experienced as a result of long term domestic violence. I was encouraged by her regular attendance and I believe that this was a result of my increasing ability to develop rapport. I was able to develop good rapport with my clients by being non-judgemental, using open ended questions and appropriate body language. I believe that my skill in developing rapport is reflected by the feedback and regular attendance to counselling sessions by my clients. I did struggle with ending the sessions on time and frequently found that sessions with some clients were running over 1.5 hours long. I spoke with some of the other workers at the service about this and they agreed that it could be difficult especially when women are exploring very painful issues and that it was important to be sensitive but direct when closing a counselling session. The group supervision times that I was included in at IWCADV were also very rewarding and inspiring times for me. The other workers at the service were all very passionate women with a strong commitment to empowering women and changing community attitudes about violence towards women. During group supervision there was opportunity and support for workers to reflect on their own feelings of despair and helplessness, and there was encouragement to extend and share your knowledge and understanding of the issues relating to domestic and family violence. The group times were also very rewarding team building occasions and there is a strong commitment at the service to supporting one another. For example, I found that after long phone calls or after a counselling session, another worker would check-in with me to provide any support and to answer any questions that I had.

Culture Change in Korean Women Essay

Sweeping cultural change rarely comes rapidly. Even in places where the constitution of the nation would guarantee equality of citizens, achieving true equality can be an agonizingly slow process. In the United States, for example, a fledgling women’s suffrage movement was present as early as the middle 1700s. The right to vote, however, would not be realized until 1920, over a hundred and fifty years later. Korea is a divided nation even more steeped in cultural tradition. Although there are some subtle differences, depending on region and class, Koreans still live in a regimented, patriarchal society. Globalization can result in a more equal society. The world is more economically interrelated than ever. The power of tradition is strong, however. Economic change has moved much more rapidly than social change within Korea. Generally speaking, cultural change within large, modern cities is occurring at a modest pace. In most rural areas, there has been little, if any, change in recent centuries. Surprisingly, emigration to the United States has not rapidly increased social change among the Korean community, evidencing the strength of cultural ties. Social change in Korea will continue to make uneven progress in the future because access to education varies widely among regions and classes. In the late 20th century there has been a dramatic shift in the center of women’s rights activity. Areas of the country that have greater interrelation have made greater strides toward the full liberation of women. Early in the 20th century, northern Korean cities saw the first cautious steps toward the empowerment of women. The communist regime has stalled cultural progress, not only for women but for everyone. Today, the center of cultural change is located in the South. Regardless of the location, the nature of the Korean character indicates that cultural change, especially for women, will always move slower than economic change. The Patriarchal Society The centuries –old influence of Confucianism in Korea has resulted in a class-conscious, patriarchal society. The influence of Japanese invaders in the mid-20th century only served to reinforce that reality. The Confucianism practiced in Korea mandated strict roles for men and women. Women were relegated to house work and discouraged from seeking any marketable education. Besides the influence of tradition, critics of increased liberty and opportunity have used a similar tactic to those who resisted this process in other countries. They claim that liberation from traditional roles for women will destroy the family structure. Similar arguments were made in relation to women’s suffrage in the United States. It is an argument that carries weight, particularly in a nation with such a deep paternalistic. background as Korea. Even in modern South Korea, the influence is still apparent. † Women still believe that they should be good housewives and mothers. There is some change but it is very, very slow† (Palley, 1990). Geographical and Class Differences The most obvious regional differences in culture come between the economically advanced state of South Korea and the economically stagnant, communist North Korea. The advanced industrial cities in the south, such as Seoul, have seen a liberalization of society, even if it lags behind the pace of economic change. The industrialization and modernization of South Korea has also resulted in the rise of a women’s movement, particularly in the larger cities. Early in the 20th century, the education of women was much more prevalent in the northern area of Korea, particularly Pyongyang. There were two factors present there which correlated closely with the education of women. The elite classes were concentrated in northern areas at that time, and; there was also a strong presence of western missionaries there. Education for women was typically restricted to the upper classes. Consequently, professions in which women could participate were severely limited. In the 1930s, only three out of 100,000 college-age Korean women took part in higher education Being born into a higher class, however, did not necessarily increase freedom. While women from the elite class have always been more likely to receive education, that education did not necessarily flow into a career. In fact, as Jihang Park reports, â€Å"†¦the higher the woman’s status, the more severe her seclusion† (1990). Jihang Park writes that, â€Å"In Korea, education was the primary focus of the women’s movement and remained so until 1945 (1990). A college for women has been in operation since the early 20th century, but the subjects available for study were limited in the early decades to preparing women for homemaking. The first generation of college educated women in Korea were not effective advocates for increased cultural change. Because they were primarily from the elite classes, they were not especially career-driven. For many, education was mainly a means for attracting a better husband. Even where some progress toward equality is being made, the process is slow and incomplete. â€Å"Opportunities for professional mobility are very limited, and on average in 1988 women earned approximately 45% that of men† (Palley, 1990). A number of women’s rights organizations have emerged in the south, but their effect on issues such as these have been minimal. Korean Immigrants A superficial cultural analysis of United States immigrants might conclude that exposure to economic and social liberty would substantially change the culture of immigrants and their descendants. Korean immigrants are somewhat unique, however, Whereas other immigrant groups are highly diverse in language and cultural practices, Korean immigrants tend to form a more homogenous group. Within that group, exposure to the outside culture remains somewhat limited and the cultural traditions brought from Korea remain strong. Many Koreans work in businesses tailored mainly to serve their own community. Many Korean immigrants, male and female, â€Å"have little opportunity to learn American customs, including a more egalitarian gender role orientation† (Pyong Gap Min, 2001). Economic realities have dictated some changes. An increasing number of Korean women are finding it necessary to work outside the home. Many wives work along side their husbands. The participation of married Korean women in the American labor force has increased from about 17% in 1980 to 25% in 1990 (Min, 2001). As it did with American women in the mid 20th century, working outside the home is empowering women to take a more active role in determining their own lives. Korean men grudgingly accept that women are entering the workforce, but still feel driven to maintain traditions at home. The result is a many marriages of Korean-Americans are experiencing strain. At the same time, cultural tradition stresses the importance of marriage. During the first half of the 20th century, more than 99% of Korean women were married by the age of forty-five (Jihang Park, 1990). Analysis and Conclusion There are some forces within Korea which are advocating social changes on behalf of women. Eventually, a more equal Korea will emerge. The question is whether it will take tens of years or hundreds of years. Those forces within Korea must battle against hundreds of years of deeply ingrained cultural tradition. Societal change at a significant level is often initiated by the middle class. The gradually growing workforce of Korean women will need to develop effective leaders in future years to move the process toward equality forward (Palley, 1990). In the past, the most influential forces for women’s rights have been external. Missionaries, in particular have been relatively effective in advocating education and basic human rights for women. It will take a larger force, though, to foster fundamental and lasting change for the lives of women in Korea. Fundamental social change is often economically-driven. Globalization is a seemingly irresistible economic force in the 21st century. Its focus on technology, education and interrelation with the world will force countries to either recognize the economic potential of women or risk being left behind. The pace of cultural change varies, and will continue to vary, depending on a number of factors. Some types of change are more easily accepted than others. For example, Korean-American men have accepted the necessity of their wives working but many do not accept that this can mean an alteration of marriage roles. Korean women in North Korea, South Korea and America are working in greater numbers than ever before. In a few cases, this has given them greater access to education and the political system. In most cases, however, it has not. Sources Min, Pyong Gap. (2001). â€Å"Changes in Korean Immigrants’ Gender Role and Social Status, and Their Marital Conflicts. † Sociological Forum. Vol. 16, No. 2 (Jun. ), pp. 301-320. Min, Pyong Gap. (2003). â€Å"Korean â€Å"Comfort Women†: The Intersection of Colonial Power, Gender and Class. † Gender and Society. Vol. 17, No. 6 (Dec. ), pp. 938-957. Palley, Marian Lief. (1990). â€Å"Women’s Status in South Korea: Tradition and Change. † Asian Survey. Vol. 30, No. 12 (Dec. ), pp. 1136-1153. Park, Jihang. (1990). â€Å"Trailblazers in a Traditional World: Korea’s First Women College Graduates, 1910-45. † Social Science History. Vol. 14, No. 4 (Winter), pp. 533-558.

American Perception V.S Kite Runner Perception

Perreault 1 Emerald Perreault Mrs. Wagner English IIII 20, December, 2011 American Perception V. S Kite Runner Perception of Afghanistan The U. S went thru the most tragic, life changing, mind conflicting event of all time. On September, 11, 2001 terrorist flew two plans into the Twin Towers in New York City. The terrorist attack on 9/11 devastated and ruined an enormous amount of American lives. Weather an American lost a friend, loved one, or relative, every American lost something valuable that day. Americans lost their right to feel safe: at work, at home, or at popular locations.The last time American safety was threatened was during World War II. U. S citizens are not use to war or violence happening in their country, unlike the Middle East. Americans do not reacted positively, when tragic situation happen. Their reaction to 9/11 changed the American perception of Afghanistan and Muslim culture. Americans lost all their trust for Muslims. That lack of trust between them created a whole new stereotype. Stereotype: A general statement or word, fit to describe a specific group of people.The American stereotype created to describe Muslims is anyone who is Muslim or from the Middle East was sent to America, to destroy their wealthy non dictated, country. National Geographic Channel says,† Afghans who fled their homeland for a new life in the United States are troubled to find themselves subject to suspicion and mistrust on the basis of their nationality and religion. † Based off of this information, Muslims are all being put into one pile, stereotypically. Afghanistan man who goes by the name of Fouzia Afshari says,† We are good people, we are civilized† who volunteers at Mustafa Center, an AfghanPerreault 2 Culture Academy near Washington D. C â€Å"We are not that type of Afghan people are thinking about right now. † Fouzia Afshari is a Muslim, obviously he is not a terrorist or out to get America, the controversy is the attack ers were not American. By not being American, the terrorists allowed Americans to lose trust in a whole country of people. Muslim people will have to deal with the uncertainty of ever gaining American trust back or the American perception of Afghanistan should not be based off of what a handle full of Muslims did,but based on actual facts.Khaled Hosseini book The Kite Runner portrays Afghanistan realistically V. S the American Perception. (National Geographic news website) Clearly, the American Perception of Afghanistan is a little farfetched. The perception is not based on Afghanistan or Muslim culture, but based on what a hand full of Muslims did (AKA 9/11). The terrorist attack traumatized Americans, giving them a stereotypical perception. Typically, when a person thinks of war, immediately people think of other people being shot left and right, bombs exploding everywhere.Americans think that the terrorist attack was the Middle East declaring war on them. From that point on, Amer icans believed that the Afghans that were not fighting U. S troops off, were all sitting at a table brainstorming how their going to attack America next. Some Americans were so devastated that they will not go anywhere near Muslims or anyone from the Middle East because of their stereotypical perception. Muslims own about 75% of the gas station and covenant stores in the United States. Americans that will not associate with Muslims will go farther out of their way for gas.Americans think that Muslims do not like Americans because of the U. S troops in the Middle East and when an American goes to a Muslim gas station, their receiving less gas. Even in an unstable economy Americans still go out Perreault 3 of there way for gas, allowing Muslims to see that Americans truly view them all as terrorist. For Afghans and Muslims it is confusing for them to understand why the America perception is so ridiculous. The perception is not only based on 9/11, it is also has to do with Americans no t being given the full picture of the war in Afghanistan.The media diffidently confuses Americans. Josh Meyer stated in his article Gap between the U. S perception and reality in Iraq, Afghanistan, author posits † While Americans are given one media report after another about how Afghanistan is filled with exploding bombs, attacking hordes of the Taliban and a lawlessness that pervades every corner of the war torn nation, the real story is a more nuanced one. † Americans are given exaggerated reports on what’s happening in Afghanistan. The media is 100% to blame for the skewed version of the Afghanistan war Americans have.Based on that version of the war Americans make false actuation, which hurts the Afghanistan and Muslim population. (Josh Meyer) The American perception of Afghanistan upsets Muslims and makes it harder for their people to come to America. Muslims who are leaving Afghanistan are on America’s side. They are fleeing their own homeland and co ming to start new in America because they do not agree with how their country is being ruined. Afghans come to America for the freedom that is taken from them in Afghanistan. Naweed an Afghan woman tells National Geographic channel â€Å"No art, no radio, no television, painting, drawing-nothing is allowed.Education for women is not allowed. Music is not allowed, they call it satanic. That’s why we are strongly working to keep our culture alive here in America. † Naweed is one of many who wants to feel at home. For Muslims America is their new homeland, but because of the American perception the majority of Perreault 4 afghans feel out of place. â€Å" I’m raising my kids here and I don’t want to feel like I don’t belong here. But, that’s what I feel here as an Afghan and a Muslim. † said Alina to the National Geographic Channel, adding: â€Å" I don’t want to lose another home. Afghans don’t want to come to America the y rather live in their own country where feel at home, but they have no choice. Yet hope remains that Afghanistan will one day be in the hands of peace-loving Afghans and everyone will see the truth. (National Geographic Channel) Afghanistan was once a country where Afghans could be successful and wealthy. Then the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and the Taliban was created, but took a turn for the worst and the U. S army went to help the people in Afghanistan. When the Soviet Union was defeated the Civil War still continued.The Taliban was created to go in and unify the country. The Taliban comes form the word student- that’s what it means. The Taliban is made up of students that went to religious schools in Pakistan and former fighters, who use to fight in the war against the Soviet Union. The Taliban is what made Afghanistan a terraces place to live. After the Taliban brought peace to 80% of the country, they became power hunger and started to take away Afghanistanâ€℠¢s freedom. Even with the Taliban dictating Afghanistan, Josh Meyer, author of Gap between the U.S perception and reality in Iraq, Afghanistan, author posits says, â€Å" Anyone in this room could go to Kabul now and have a fairly good time. There are restaurants and there are bars,† and the streets are not a shooting gallery with various factions trying to kill each other, while armed insurgents are also trying to U. S and coalition forces. â€Å" The Taliban Is not a very large insurgent group. † Josh Meyer is trying to inform Americans that Afghanistan is not Iraq, but it is still not a place where all Afghans can make a living. (Josh Meyer) Perreault 5The Kite runner is the perfect example of how Afghanistan is not Iraq, but not a place where all afghans can make a living. Author Khaled Hosseini tells a story about Amir and Hassan these two Afghan boys who grew up together, but where separated by Amirs will to make his farther proud and the Soviet Union invading. A mir betrayed Hassan by watching him being raped by Asseft because Hassan was a Haraza. Guilt ate at Amir until he framed Hassan for steeling and Hassan and his father left in embarrassment. Shortly after Amir and BaBa ( Amirs farther) took a journey to America.Where Baba had to run a gas satiation and sell items he bought at a yard sale at the local flee market. Before Baba and Amir came to America they were wealthy. So wealthy that Hassan and his father were Baba servants. Afghanistan is not as poverty strict end as Americans thought it was. Amir and Baba did not come to America to destroy it, he came to America because Kabul was not safe and he hoped Amir could receives the best possible education in America. Baba and Amir were in America for two years. For those two years Baba would by a jar of fruit form the same people everyday with cash.One day Baba had no money, he wrote a check out instead. When the man asked for Id Baba exploded, â€Å"He wants to see my license? Almost tw o years we’ve bought his dam fruits and put money in his pocket and son of a dog wants to see my license. † Amir says, â€Å" They’re suppose to ask for Id† Baba says,† Dose he think I’m a thief? What kind of a country is this? No one trusts anybody. † Baba thought that the man working thought he was steeling when the man asked Baba for Id. Baba was offended. Years down the road Amir is told that Hassan died in Kabul.Hassan was shot in the back of the head because a Talian member thought him and his family where living in Amirs old house instead of in the hut outside made specifically for servants. Amir felt responsible because if he Perreault 6 and Baba would of stayed Hassan may still be alive. For Hassan he is an Afghan who should fled from Afghanistan. Amir and Baba could of stayed in Afghanistan. Khaled Hosseini book portrayed Afghanistan well and realistically. (Khaled Hosseini) The American Perception of Afghanistan is not realist ic or based on actual facts.The Kite Runner diffidently grasps and gives a better understanding of Afghanistan. Unfortunely, Afghans who come to America will have to deal with the mistrust Americans have towards them like Baba. The American Perception is not do to Americans not educating themselves. It is because of terrible media reports. Bergen the author of The Longest War: Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda says, â€Å" It is not being well communicated to the American public that the afghan war is nothing like the Iraq war, the media has to take responsibility for that.The differences between Afghanistan and Iraq couldn’t be more stark. † Bergen wants people to know that the media is portraying Afghanistan as a war torn place like Iraq, when they are both completely different. Afghanistan is not in as big of an up roar as the media made it. Instead of relying on the media to prove Americans with the proper information, Americans should educate themselv es, stop listening to everything they hear. Also Americans should not rely on electronics and once in a while pick up a book or ask someone who is Muslim to explain what’s going on. (Bergen)

Lives on the Boundary - 1619 Words

Lives on the Boundary Mike Roses Lives on the Boundary is an Educational Autobiography. The book begins at the beginning of his life and we follow him up into his adult years. The book focuses on the struggles and achievements of Americas educationally underprepared . The Alien In order to understand Mike Rose, and his book Lives on the Boundary, you must first understand where Mike is coming from and examine his past. Mike was born to a first generation immigrant family, originally from Italy. He spent his early childhood in the mid-west and then in his latter childhood, parents not knowing any better, in East Los Angeles. Mikes father suffered from arteriosclerosis. Neither Mikes mother nor his father had completed high school†¦show more content†¦Please bring your full attention to bear on the last three words of the last block quote, a silent book. It was as if the books were talking to him and he was talking back to the books and to others about the books, they were no longer silent. Books were sparked to life by the inspirational teachings of an animated professor. In the Trenches The third mentor of Mikes I would like to discuss is Dr. Ted Erlandson. Mike speaks about him in the text as someone who got in there with his pencil and worked on [his] style. He would sit [Mike] down next to him at his big desk, sweep books and pencils across the scratched veneer, and go back over the sentences he wanted [Mike] to revise. Ted had a love for working with people one-on-one that he passed on to Mike. Ted would take the time to work with individual students on the small particulars of writing that give an author their flair or style. He wasnt afraid to get down in the trenches and get dirty with lead and eraser shavings. Ted was always making writing easy to understand by not using technical terms and trying not to confuse the situation. Ted realized that Mike had a talent for writing and helped him develop that even more. The last of Mikes mentors was another man who was not afraid to get downShow MoreRelated Mike Roses Lives on the Boundary Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesMike Roses Lives on the Boundary Mike Rose’s Lives on the Boundary is an Educational Autobiography. The book begins at the beginning of his life and we follow him up into his adult years. The book focuses on the â€Å"struggles and achievements of America’s educationally underprepared† . The Alien   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand Mike Rose, and his book Lives on the Boundary, you must first understand where Mike is coming from and examine his past. Mike was born to a first generation immigrantRead More Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesLives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters oneRead MoreThe Community Being Analyzed Will Involve The Population That Lives Within The Boundaries Of The Nutley, New Jersey2068 Words   |  9 PagesFor the purpose of this paper, the community being analyzed will involve the population that lives within the boundaries of the Nutley, New Jersey. Nutley, a township within Essex County, New Jersey, is home to a dense population of individuals within its small borders. It meets the criteria of a community due to the fact that the individuals share some mutual characteristics (Kirst-Ashman, 2011). Nutley is a residential neighborhood that consists of 11,301 households. Nutley, New Jersey is alsoRead MoreHow Religion Can Help With The Temporal Boundaries Of Life Or The Internal Landscape Of Identity923 Words   |  4 Pageshelps people with the boundaries of life. Please explain how religion can help with the temporal boundaries of life or the internal landscape of identity. (See pp. 4 – 5.) Boundaries are a limitation conjured by the mind in which people live in their individual realities. The boundaries of life are mysterious to people and is the reason why religion has filled up the space for the unknown. Within temporal boundaries of life, people are altered by certain events and their lives begin to reshape themselvesRead MoreExploring Boundaries in The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy772 Words   |  4 Pagesthe idea of breaking boundaries by personifying the setting, focusing on everyday events, and manipulating the characters within society. The most predominant boundary in the novel remains the rigid social classes known as the caste system in Indian society. Roy gives each character a specific role to bring out the importance of the Love Laws, which set behavioral margins within the society. In chapter 1, Roy personifies the setting as the blurring of boundaries where â€Å"boundaries blue as tapioca fencesRead MoreEarthquake Preparedness Press Release Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pages moving side to side or laterally, and even smashing into each other. The proof behind plate tectonics lies in mountain ranges and island chains like the Hawaiian Islands, both are products of plate tectonics. Earthquakes originate from plate boundaries called faults. The tension and movement between the conflicting faults is what causes the shock waves referred to as an earthquake. When the pressure between two conflicting plates is too much for the rock material to support, they can shift orRead MoreGeography And Its Impact On Human Behavior1128 Words   |  5 Pagesa country’s location and boundaries it can have many economic benefits for example like underground oil and other natural resources. Boundaries appears to be worth examining because they are both cultural and physi cal and do influence a country’s economic advantage. Concept of Boundaries Boundaries are the hard lines which determine the territorial extent of the state and, by definition the citizenship of those residing therein (Newman, 2005). International boundaries are the lines on the map thatRead MoreTheory Critique: Cloud and Townsend1533 Words   |  7 PagesJ. Liberty University Theory Critique: Cloud and Townsend Summary Dr. Cloud and Dr. Townsend (1999) have created a comprehensive work titled Boundaries in Marriage. In this book they have outlined what boundaries are and what can be done to create healthy boundaries within a marriage. First, let’s look at the definition of boundaries. Cloud Townsend (1999) define this as â€Å"a property line† (p. 17). In other words in a marriage it is a set of rules that a person sets for themselvesRead MoreLooking into Personal Space862 Words   |  3 Pagespersonal space can be difficult for because this boundary is often different between countries, environments and societal upbringings. An individual space may be different from person to a person or person of another culture. However, this often becomes apparent when they meet someone from another society or environment. How close is to close? What boundaries are broken when you invade someone’s personal space? Let us examine the expectation and boundaries of personal space betwe en. American’s are protectiveRead MoreBartleby, the Scrivener the Lady with the Dog Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesexploration of the boundaries between social constraint and inner compulsion, Melville and Chekov reveal the restrictions forced upon one’s personal desires as they struggle to find a balance between conflicting values and social norms. Anna and Gurov in ‘The Lady with the Dog’ are restrained by the socially expected conventions in their marriages, inhibiting their ability to express their inner compulsion of desire. Chekov reveals their yearning to escape their individual lives as they cope with

“Girl” Barbie Doll - 2455 Words

In the past, women were always considered the subordinate gender that was expected to powder their nose and stay at home to be a homemaker. Even now, despite the movement to liberate women from stereotypical gender roles, women are still seen as the inferior gender that is discriminated against in society. As suggested by the popular Barbie doll created by Mattel, the idealized image of a woman in our patriarchal society is one who takes care of the home and is flawlessly beautiful with perfect skin, long legs, small waist, and slender figure. The Barbie doll is used as a tool for patriarchy in that it reinforces the notion that women should be domestic workers and maintain a feminine outer appearance. Also, patriarchal values affect girls†¦show more content†¦The fact that this notion of femininity is so deeply rooted in our society, affects women in a negative way, pressuring them to attain an unrealistic body image and a feminine outer appearance. Ultimately, this notion that is associated with women leads them to feel inferior and weaker compared to men. As young girls grow up surrounded by the perfect image of the Barbie doll, they begin not only to feel pressured to obtain an idealized body image, but also to believe that it is the norm for women to be domestic workers. The accessories sold with the Barbie doll illuminate the implication that women should be domestic workers. For example, the Kitchen Barbie doll comes fully equipped with pots, cooking utensils, apron, oven mitts, and baked goods. She comes packaged in a mini kitchen with an oven, refrigerator, and sink. As young girls play with this doll, they build a positive and fun association with working in the kitchen, and this encourages them to do the same in the future. In addition, the accessories sold with the Babysitter Barbie doll also suggest that women should be domestic workers. The accessories sold with this doll include a television set, DVD, stuffed animal doll, and Kelly. Barbie is responsible of taking care of Kelly, and this reinforces the notion that women sh ould fulfill the domestic role of housewife and mother. As young girls grow up surrounded by these dolls, theyShow MoreRelatedBarbie Doll s Influence On Young Girls919 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung girls, lies a fairy princess Barbie doll. Barbie has been the toy of choice for girls everywhere since her debut fifty years ago, representing the ideal girl with a perfect life to match that can not be achieved. Barbie and other dolls alike negatively affect young girls causing body image issues and low self-esteem. Since 1965, Barbie, and more recently, the Bratz line of dolls, have been the poster children for beauty, despite their grotesquely disproportionate appearance. Barbie and BratzRead MoreEssay Do Barbie Dolls Have a Negative Influence on Girls?827 Words   |  4 Pagesever wonder why teenage girls have low self-confidence and are never satisfied with what they have? As young children, girls are indirectly taught what people think perfection looks like. Barbie portrays that exact image and life. Beginning at a young age girls are influenced by this doll, what they should look like, and what their life should be like. Young girls strive to achieve Barbie’s look which is life threatening to obtain. Barbie has possibly been the most famous doll in the world after herRead MoreBarbie Based : A Barbaric Culture2099 Words   |  9 PagesBarbie-Based: A Barbaric Culture Perfectly perky and popular, slim waisted and long legged, silky plastic hair and a flashy smile frozen in time, Barbie has been lining toy store shelves and influencing young girls’ dreams since 1959. The teenage fashion model has managed to secure close to 150 careers, represent 40 different nations and cultures, and has collaborated with more than 75 different fashion designers, all amounting to an impressive resume theoretically thicker than a phone book. A culturalRead MoreThe Barbie Dolls Role Model For Children1731 Words   |  7 Pageslittle girls have been looking up to a figure/plastic doll called Barbie. Barbie Dolls have been in our world since 1959 which was when the first Barbie doll-named after Ruths daughter Barbara -made its debut at New York Toy Fair. Barbie is what children have been looking up to as their â€Å"role model† for years. Barbie is a character who is always up to date on the latest trends. She has long blonde hair, blue eyes, perfect mak eup, and perfect medium tanned and curvy body. Barbie is the girl that everyoneRead MoreIs Barbie Ever Be The Enemy?1255 Words   |  6 Pagesmay ask themselves, how can Barbie ever be the enemy. She is the top selling doll in the world, her franchise is worth over a billion dollars, and 99% of girls from the ages three to eleven has owned a Barbie doll according to (Barbie Media). Also, recent studies have shown that the average American girl between the ages of three to eleven owns ten Barbie dolls, according to â€Å"Barbie† by Sara Pendergast. So, what has led to so much controversy towards the beloved Barbie. Well, the major obsession regardingRead MoreFrom The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison951 Words   |  4 Pagesabout a girl who is in conflict with the societal norms of the time period. The girl was given dolls to play with, but she does not understand why she has to play with them and what makes the dolls beautiful. It is made clear that the girl never wanted dolls an d nobody ever asked her what she wanted as a toy, yet the society she lives in tells her that girls play with dolls and nothing else. This story raises several interesting ideas, such as why were dolls made and why does society want girls to playRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Barbie Dolls964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Positive and Negative Effects of Barbie Dolls in Society All around our world we are constantly being told what we should act and be like for females and males. Barbie was born on March 9, 159 in the American International Toy Fair in New York. The Barbie doll has been influencing young girls ever since she was born. The Barbie doll have a huge influence on the way that girls perceive their role in society and also on the way they develop. Barbie dolls in some way reflect and influence ourRead MoreBarbie Dolls On Young Children Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesMattel: Influences of Barbie dolls on young children Mattel is considered one of the most leading industry when it comes to the invention of toys and video games. Mattel is also a leading brand company that researches and develops new toys and then buys or license them from inventors. But what exactly are they doing to convince us consumers to buy their products? For the past decades now, Barbie dolls mainly created by Mattel have grown tremendously and have made a huge impact to children’s livesRead MoreInfluence Of The Body Features Of Barbie On The Ideal Feminine Body1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of The Body Features of Barbie on The Ideal Feminine Body I. Introduction: Manufactured by the American toy company Mattel, Barbie has become the most famous and popular doll in the world. She has conquered more than 150 countries and over one billion Barbie dolls have been sold around the world since they were launched. Barbie is a young beautiful blonde who is rich and highly-skilled. Mattel claims that she can do more than 150 jobs and buy anything she wants, includingRead MoreBarbie And The Barbie Doll1006 Words   |  5 Pageslays, Barbie. You might be wondering who this Barbie person is. I am not talking about a real person. I am talking about Barbie, the doll. B. Girls all around the world grew up playing with a Barbie doll. When first released she was a plastic, white skinned, thin, long legged teenage girl. She wore a tiny black and white stripped bathing suit with a pair of sunglasses sitting upon her head on top of her blonde colored hair. C. The whole philosophy of Barbie was that through the Barbie doll little

Challenges Faced By Cross Generational Teams - 1785 Words

Due to the growth in the working age population, workplaces today are experiencing an influx of people from four different generations working together. For businesses to compete in today’s global economy, employees must perform at their best. The generation that a person is born within plays a part of their work styles, work values and how they see them self. Though this vast array of talent and differing views has potential for conflict, but organizations that take advantage of the diverse workforce may use it as a source of competitive advantage. This paper identifies, defines, and examines the four generations that currently make up the workplace (Traditionalist, Baby boomers, Genration X and Millennials) and seeks to provide†¦show more content†¦In hospitals, cubicles and cafeterias, executives, managers and employees are struggling to build a bridge across a divide that spans four distinctive generations. (Kogan 2001) Body There are four generations in today’s workplace: Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation Xers (Gen-X), and Millennials For the first time, these generations are all working hand in hand. Each generation has their own life experiences, different attitudes, desires, goals and motivations. Molding all of these distinctive characteristics into one company goal is an immediate challenge facing managers and business owners, particularly as they must transfer the knowledge from their older employees to the new hires. (Huggins 2008) The traditionalist generations are individuals who were born between 1922 -1943. They are the oldest of the workers and are sometimes referred to as the silent generation. This group is noted to be slow to embrace new things and is distrustful of any changes. Some characteristics of a traditionalist workplace include strictly obeying rules and regulations as well as maintaining a strong respect for authoritative figures. Traditionalists are hard workers and are loyal to the organization. They believe that duty and responsibility takes greater precedence over personal interest. In a traditionalist workplace, promotion may be based on merit and seniority. (Lenin 2001) The Baby Boomer generation are individuals who were born between 1944

Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel was born in Heidenheim Essay Example For Students

Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel was born in Heidenheim Essay , Wurttemberg, onNovember 15, 1891 and died in 1944. Rommel joined the 124th InfantryRegiment as an officer cadet in 1910, and two years later wascommissioned a second lieutenant. During World War I he served inFrance and on the Romanian and Italian fronts. After the war he heldregimental commands and was instructor at the Dresden Infantry Schoolfrom 1929 to 1933, and the Potsdam War Academy from1935-1938.Rommel had a textbook on tactics which was published in1937. The name of the textbook was Infanterie greift an. Colonel Rommel was appointed commandant of the War Academyat Wiener Neustadt in 1938. Shortly after he was placed in command ofthe battalion responsible for Adolf Hitlers safety during the march intothe Sudetenland and the entry into Prague. Promoted major general onthe eve of World War II, he was again responsible for Hitlers safety during the invasion of Poland. In 1940 Rommel commanded the 7th Panzer Division in theadvance into France in result of forging links with the Nazi party. In 1941,with the rank of lieutenant general, he was given command of the Germantroops in Libya. On June 21, 1942, he was made a field marshal, theyoungest in the German Army, in recognition of his success in forcing theBritish back from Cyrenaica into Egypt as far as El Alamein. He was unableto advance to capture Alexandria. In the months that followed, duringwhich he commanded all Italo-German troops in North Africa, he wasdriven back into Cyrenaica and across Tripolitania into Tunisia, where heencountered fresh Allied forces. After the battle at Medenine on March 5,1943, he returned to Germany because of ill health. In July Rommel was given command of Army Group B in northernItaly, and in November he was ordered to report on the coastal defense inthe west, from the Skagerrak to the Spanish frontier. He was madecommander in chief of all German armies from the Netherlands to theLoire River in January 1944. Despite his great efforts, the Germans wereunable to prevent the Allies from landing in Normandy in the followingJune. On July 17, while Rommel was motoring near Livarot, he wasseverely wounded by fire from Allied aircraft, and he returned to his homein Germany to convalesce. Rommel had never been an member of the Nazi party but , he hadbecome increasingly outspoken in his criticism of Hitlers leadership. OnOct. 14, 1944, he was suspected of taking part and being involved incomplicity in the July 20 plot against Hitlers life. He was given, on ordersfrom Hitler, the choice between taking poison and having his deathreported as resulting from his wounds, or facing trial by the PeoplesCourt. He elected the former course, ending his life in the generalsautomobile near Ulm, Germany, on Oct. 14, 1944. Hitler ordered national mourning, and Rommel was buried with fullmilitary honors. A man of the greatest personal bravery, he earned thedeep respect of his adversaries for his brilliant achievements. Rommelwas remembered as Desert Fox. Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel was born in Heidenheim, Wurttemberg, onNovember 15, 1891 and died in 1944. Rommel joined the 124th InfantryRegiment as an officer cadet in 1910, and two years later wascommissioned a second lieutenant. During World War I he served inFrance and on the Romanian and Italian fronts. After the war he heldregimental commands and was instructor at the Dresden Infantry Schoolfrom 1929 to 1933, and the Potsdam War Academy from1935-1938.Rommel had a textbook on tactics which was published in1937. The name of the textbook was Infanterie greift an. Colonel Rommel was appointed commandant of the War Academyat Wiener Neustadt in 1938. Shortly after he was placed in command ofthe battalion responsible for Adolf Hitlers safety during the march intothe Sudetenland and the entry into Prague. Promoted major general onthe eve of World War II, he was again responsible for Hitlers safety during the invasion of Poland. .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 , .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .postImageUrl , .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 , .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02:hover , .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02:visited , .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02:active { border:0!important; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02:active , .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02 .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce95f7caa7f35fe32139e0e3fb956b02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Educational Legacy of War EssayIn 1940 Rommel commanded the 7th Panzer Division in theadvance into France in result of forging links with the Nazi party. In 1941,with the rank of lieutenant general, he was given command of the Germantroops in Libya. On June 21, 1942, he was made a field marshal, theyoungest in the German Army, in recognition of his success in forcing theBritish back from Cyrenaica into Egypt as far as El Alamein. He was unableto advance to capture Alexandria. In the months that followed, duringwhich he commanded all Italo-German troops in North Africa, he wasdriven back into Cyrenaica and across Tripolitania into Tunisia, where heencountered fresh Allied f orces. After the battle at Medenine on March 5,1943, he returned to Germany because of ill health. In July Rommel was given command of Army Group B in northernItaly, and in November he was ordered to report on the coastal defense inthe west, from the Skagerrak to the Spanish frontier. He was madecommander in chief of all German armies from the Netherlands to theLoire River in January 1944. Despite his great efforts, the Germans wereunable to prevent the Allies from landing in Normandy in the followingJune. On July 17, while Rommel was motoring near Livarot, he wasseverely wounded by fire from Allied aircraft, and he returned to his homein Germany to convalesce. Rommel had never been an member of the Nazi party but , he hadbecome increasingly outspoken in his criticism of Hitlers leadership. OnOct. 14, 1944, he was suspected of taking part and being involved incomplicity in the July 20 plot against Hitlers life. He was given, on ordersfrom Hitler, the choice between taking poison and having his deathreported as resulting from his wounds, or facing trial by the PeoplesCourt. He elected the former course, ending his life in the generalsautomobile near Ulm, Germany, on Oct. 14, 1944. Hitler ordered national mourning, and Rommel was buried with fullmilitary honors. A man of the greatest personal bravery, he earned thedeep respect of his adversaries for his brilliant achievements. Rommelwas remembered as Desert Fox.

Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example

Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html