Exercise and Aging: A Qualitative Correlation Essay -- Exercise, Aging

In 1523 the Spanish conquistador Ponce de Leon made an extensive voyage to a new world in search of the legendary Fountain of Youth. He never found it. Although many years have passed since Ponce de Leon made his infamous trip, the idea of mythical youth is still very much alive in our culture. We desire to actually act and feel youthful. Physical exercise is the only action a person can take to not only feel young but to physiologically slow the aging process. This paper will present studies indicating the affect exercise has on the human body and how it is useful in keeping us at our optimum physical and mental health. For now, aging is inevitable. Physiologically, we age because individual cells are preprogrammed to overwork and then self-destruct. The process becomes apparent in a comparison of old and young skin cells. Although both types contain the same array of genes, in older cells the genes work overtime under the direction of a master gene. The master gene forces the others to produce abnormal amounts of protein, which slows down replication and other vital cellular activity. These factors eventually cause organ degeneration and aging. To prevent or delay aging a way must be found to control overactive genes, say Dr. Samuel Goldstein of the University of Arkansas and Anna McCormick, Ph.D. of the National Institute on Aging. The ultimate anti-aging discovery would be a drug that could suppress the master gene, stopping cells from beginning their destructive course. Until this discovery (and well after) our anti-aging bullet can be exercise. Exercise is the closest thing to an anti-aging pill there is, says Alex Leif, M.D., a professor at the Harvard Medical School of Gerontology. "Regular daily physical activity has been a way of life for virtually ever person who has reached the age of 100 in sound condition." Studies at the National Institute of Aging have repeatedly shown that regular exercise and strength training can have a profound effect on the rate of human aging, and may forestall the disability and diseases we are used to thinking of as the unavoidable price of growing old. One method of exercise is called strength raining attained by muscle resistance movements such as those provide by the simple use of free weights. Dr. Evans, of the Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, conducted an unorthodox study tha... ...ucose Tolerance and Plasma Lipid Levels in Older Men and Women," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 252, No. 5, Aug. 1984, pp. 645-649. 9G. Heath, "A Physiological Comparison of Young and Older Endurance Athletes," Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 3, Sept. 1981, p. 639. 10B. Johnson, "Flow Limitation and Regulation of Functional Residual Capacity during Exercise in a Physically Active Aging Population," American Review of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 143, No. 5, May 1991, p. 960. 11, 15, 16 A. Coggan, "Histochemical and Enzymatic Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle in Masters Athletes," Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 68, No. 2, 1990, pp. 1896-1900. 12, 13, 18 H. Higdon, The Masters Running Guide, National Masters News, Van Nuys, CA, 1990, pp. 36-37, pp. 48-51. 14, 20 M. Alter, Science of Stretching, Human Kinetics Books, Champaign, IL, 1988, p. 31, p. 64. 17 G. Legwold, "Masters Competitors Age Little in TenYears," The Physician and Sports Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 10, Oct. 1982, p. 27. 19 M. Fiatarone, "High-Intensity Strength Training in Nonagenarians," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol.. 263, No. 22, June 1990, p. 3033

No Such Thing As Normal :: Real Indians Eat Jello Native Americans Essays

No Such Thing As Normal What is "normal?" It can be defined as average or regular. Many people see normal as how the media portrays it in television shows. Generally, the "normal" family is made up of two parents, two point five children (preferably at least one girl and one boy) and a beloved pet. They also usually have a minivan or an SUV, a white picket fence and live in a nice, neatly organized home. My family has some of those traits, but not all. There is no such thing as a "normal family" because "normal families" are usually viewed as perfect and they rarely have problems. In the reading "Real Indians Eat Jell-O" by Laurie Carlson, the narrator is a Native American who lives in a trailer park. She reads books that explain what "normal" Indians are like and what they do. She notices that the people she reads about live in deserts, have out-of-the-ordinary pets, have "wise" grandparents and are have supernatural powers. Meanwhile, she lives in a mobile home, watches TV and has a gossipy grandmother who makes Jell-O salad. When she asks her grandmother why they don't act like the people she's read about, her grandmother tells her "Honey, be yourself (Carlson par. 7)." The grandmother doesn't want the narrator to feel she has to act in a certain way just because media demands it. This is similar to my family because we don't feel we have to be "perfect." We see the way media portrays the "normal" family but we don't change ourselves to be the same way. There are many reasons why my family is normal and not so normal in the media's eyes. We have a three-bed room, two-bath ranch home. We have a beautiful yard (without a fence) and three vehicles, one of which is a Ford Explorer. I have two heterosexual parents, two siblings (one sister and one brother) and a pet dog. That, however, is where the similarities end. My father had been divorced when he met my mother at their workplace. He is 20 years older than my mother, which is a rare occurrence in families today. He also had two adopted children, though they lived with their mother. After they got married my parents had our three-bedroom, one-bathroom (later two-bath) ranch home built. In 1982 they decided to adopt a baby and in 1984 they got me.

Our Responsibility in Our Life Essay

Since childhood, we have been taught about responsibility. Until there comes a time that we all have responsibilities that we must own up to. But, what we already have a sense of responsibility for all the things we have done? The answer is may be yes or may be no. So, what is the meaning of responsibility? Responsibility is the obligation/consequence to bear and do something that is given/assigned to everyone with awareness from ourselves. As a student, in order to reach my life success I must obtain certain type of responsibilities. These responsibilities consists of responsibility as a servant of God, as a student (ourself), as a child, and as a citizen. The first is responsibility as a servant of God. Have we run our duty as religious people? Many of us who are academically capable, fulfilled in terms of material but our soul is empty because it is not touched by religious values. For you, students, perform the obligation as a people, not to ask or complain but do your duty as a servant. Don’t just closer to Him when we were in pinched life conditions. Do your responsibility such as do His command and leave His prohibiton, praying, and trust Him and keep faith. The second is responsibility as a child. Many students are unaware or aware but do not want to do self-realization that their parents do not want a lot of things on them. Only one desired by parents that their child could go to school, learn well and later graduated have a better life than their parents. Did not we ever imagined, how the our parents work hard, earn much money to pay us in school. Never occurred in our minds in order to replace what they have given. Therefore, do your responsibility such as obey what they ask, care to them, and giving them your achievement. The third is responsibility as a student. Each student must plant a sense of responsibility on theirselves. Responsibility of the student as a learner is learning well, do home work that has been given to them, discipline in running the school rules. This means that each student is required to carried out absolutely the responsibilities without exception. But, the fact many students who feel overwhelmed by their obligations as students. Students go to school not for learning purposes, but used as a venue for meeting, gathering with friends, chat and etc. While the true task to learn and gain knowledge. Although this is a reality, we must prevent, change our mindset, and we must be aware that we are a student. The fourth is responsibility as a citizen. We live in the middle of society.

Corporal Punishment in the Home and Spanking Varies

Spanking imposed on a child can have a harmful or helpful effect on a child’s upbringing ABSTRACT Spanking a child is one of the most controversial and talked about disciplinary method in today’s society. Rules and laws have changed to govern the way we discipline our children in our homes, schools and public places. Research has shown a mild correlation between spanking and long term physical, mental, emotional and sexual abuse on a child, while other research displays no long term effect on a child except to say that there should be a noticeable distinction between abuse and spanking. Statistics have shown that many parents believe in spanking child when deemed necessary, while others believe that spanking can be seen as a form of child abuse and that there should be other positive alternatives other than spanking. A more in depth perspicacity of the effect of spanking depends upon social views of spanking, cultural norms, sexual dangers, the racial color line, affects in early and later life, behavioral problem, the different styles of spanking as well as the circumstances behind a spanking. This research paper will lelucidate these views and issues as well as the status of current research, the methodology limitations and the belief of teaching a positive alternative discipline technique to parents. Acknowledgements There are many people that I would like to acknowledge in my overall achievement of my degree. 1st I would like to GOD for giving me the strength to continue being a full time single parent, a full time working person and a full time student. I would like to acknowledge my father; he was the brains behind most of my projects as well as the push to succeed. My children, who I endured most of the torment in my life for and last but not least, my future husband Quentin that have always given me the strength to take on the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦iii Chapter I: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Assumption of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Chapter II: Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter III: Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦21 Subject Selection and description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Instrumentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 Data Collection Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 Chapter IV: Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 Chapter V: Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 8 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 29 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30 Appendix A: Pagination†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 Appendix B: How to Thrive in Graduate School†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 34 Appendix C: How to survive the Research Paper Experience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35 Chapter 1: Introduction Statement of the Problem While many of us were spanked as a child, our definition of spanking varies among each individual. What was done in one household could have been different in the next household but the message came across the same. There have been many debates over spanking, some feel that it is okay to spank a child, some who feel that a child should never be spanked and finally there are those who feel that a child should only be spanked for a particular reason. Some people feel that spanking can have a long term effect and those who feel that spanking will have no effect at all. Purpose of the Problem The purpose of this problem is public awareness. Many people do not know what spanking does to a child’s physical, mental, emotional or sexual state. I would also like to learn what the expert’s say about and if it will have a long term effect on my children. Assumption of the Study There are many assumptions about spanking that are published and unpublished. It is assumed that spanking will cause long term mental and sexual effects on a child. It is also assumed that spanking cause no effect on a child at all. Some experts can challenge that there is a fine line between spanking and beatings. It is my assumption that spanking could and could not do short and long term on a child, depending on the type of spanking as well as the time limit for each spanking. Definition of Terms Spanking – To discipline a child utilizing a belt, paddle for the purpose improvement. Time Out – To place a child in a certain spot (i. e a corner) for a specific amount of time as a disciplinary method. Limitation of the Study The limitation of this study is determines by those that spank, as well as the potential harm from this spanking. Methodology Two studies were conducted for this paper. The first is a study I conducted through collages and family members to determine if their spanking will pose harm to their children. This method was conducted using the Likert Scale. The second study was conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow to determine if race / ethnicity was a factor in spanking children and behavioral problems. Chapter II: Literature Review Spanking has a long history since the beginning of time. It was noted that in Ancient Greece, it was customary for childless women to visit the temple of Juno in Athens, to be cured of sterility by the priests of an. The women had to lie face down on the temple floor, and be whipped with a lash made of goat’s hide (our world). The Roman’s also told a story where naked men danced in the streets beating every woman they came across. The girl was placed across the knees of the ‘sponsor’, and then the girl’s bottom was bared and strapped to the accompaniment of clashing cymbals. This spanking is alleged to last until the 16th century when the wife of the heir to the throne of France was childless. It was decided that a spanking would be administered daily to the princess. After a long period, she gave birth (our world). Spanking in the spiritual realm were a factor. The church even defined different types of whipping; superior whippings on the back, while inferior referred to the naked buttock. Priests used whipping as a means of expiating sins. It was common for women, after confession, to retire to a priest’s room and have her bare bottom birched while resting on a specially designed kneeler (our world). Proverbs of the bible quotes different versus pertaining to spanking a child. Proverbs 13:24 says â€Å"he who spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to discipline him† (NIV). Proverbs 23:13 says â€Å"withhold not correction from the child: for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die† (NIV). Proverbs 23:14 says â€Å"Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell† (NIV). These verses of the bible are what most people use as an excuse when they decide to discipline their children. Pope Adrian, the first was the one that finally put an end to spanking in the church. Catherine de Medici was famous for her lust in see in women bare bottom whipped. She personally spanked them on the buttock with the palm of her hand, with great blows and fairly rough handling (our world). Spanking was not only a Europe event. In the United Stated, it was widely accepted for parents to spank their children. Dorothy Spencer published her Spencer Spanking Plan. In this plan she said that it was meant to result in marital bliss. It clearly defined when a man could spank his wife, and when a woman could whip her husband (our world). Eventually spanking became associated with erotic fantasy. Parenting across the globe has changed from year to year. Spanking varies depending on the different parenting style: 1) The Martyr. This parenting style generally gives the child what they want. They often try to please the child to make the child fill fulfilled. With this type of parenting style, children are less likely to receive a spanking. 2) The pal parenting style is often displayed as the parent being a friend instead of an authoritative role in the child’s life. The children generally do what they want with little intervention from the parent. With this type of parenting style, there is little chance of a child receiving a spanking. 3) The Police officer of drill sergeant style of parenting is usually punitive or authoritative. This parenting style generally punishes for small offenses thus making spanking very likely. ) The teacher parenting style is pleased when the child asks for advice or opinions. With this parenting style there is a slight chance of spanking. 5) The booster or the promoter is a parenting style where the parents are proud of their children accomplishments. This style of parent’s shows emotions when the children do not live up to their expectations. There is a chance for spanking in this parenting s tyle due to the high expectations of the parents. 6) The snoop is a parenting style by parents that are generally hard on their children. They have a lack of trust for their children. They listening to phone conversations, follow them, search their bedrooms and hire private detectives. This parent will likely spank their children if the child gets caught in a lie. The types of spanking administered to a child can determine what type of effects positive or negative a child will sustain early and later in life. I can remember a time when my mother use to spank my sister and I with what ever she had handy. Different types can vary from hands, belts, strap, switches, paddles whips or some household items such as a shoe, brush or slipper. There are three different models associated with spanking: 1) Domestic model is the type of spanking that is usually administered by parent or guardian. 2) Judicial model is the type of spanking that is administered authorities figure such as a prison guard. This type of spanking is also common in boot camps and juvenile facilities. 3) Educational model is spanking that is administered in schools. Although many parents do not grant permission for their child to be spanked in school, there are 23 schools in the United States that still offer Corporal punishment. Spanking a child is done 90% of the time in one of two positions. The child is either laid across the knee of the parent or the child is made to stand in one position and is administered the licks. Other ways to administer a spanking to a child is called the diaper position. The child is laid on a flat surface and held legs up, by the ankles, and hit with an open hand upon the bare bottom (Wikpedia, 2007). Another position of spanking would be the child bent over a piece of furniture and touching their toes (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is also given over a diaper (usually merely to emphasize humiliation, but not to cause pin), over clothing, over undergarments, or upon the bare buttocks depending on the amount of pain or humiliation intended; the latter is greater increased by witnesses, such as the household, the class, or even a school assembly (Wikipedia, 2007). There is greater responsibility when disciplining a child. Many parents feel that it is necessary to spank a child for the child’s well being, other’s feel that because they were spanked as a child, they will spank their children. There are many things that need to be done to establish a relationship with your child; some include teaching a child to listen and building a bond between parent and child. If a spanking is in order there are a number of things that have to be considered (1) the number of swats to give a child and (2) how hard the swats need to be. There are advocated that are for and against spanking. The advocates for spanking feel that spanking is up to the parent stating that parents have the right to raise their children in the way they consider most appropriate. They also hold there is little evidence that moderate spanking is harmful. Many believe that discipline problems among children have recently increased, and partially attribute the increase to the decline of both parental authority and the use of spanking (Wikipedia, 2007). Other people feel that spanking causes no long term harm or damage. It has been argued that when parents and children are engaged in a prolonged struggle for authority, the anger, bitterness that result can cause emotional estrangement that far outweighs any possible negative effects from moderate spanking, while a sound spanking would â€Å"clear the air. Some advocates for spanking comes from a behaviorist point of view, and argue that as spanking is a form of operant conditioning, the child associates certain behavior with the physical pain and/or humiliation caused by spanking. Since a child’s learning process may be less complex than that of an adult, they claim that children are more likely to be influence by such a conditioning (Wikipedia, 2007). Advocates against spanking such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 1998) recommend that parents be encourage and assisted in the development of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior (AAP, 1998). They goes further to say that the more children are spanked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to spank their own children, the more likely they are to approve of hitting a spouse, and the more marital conflict they experience as adults (AAP, 1998). The Natural Child Project list several reasons not to spank a child (1) Hitting your child teaches then to become hitters. (2) The child is simply responding in the only way he can. (3) Punishments distract the child from learning how to resolve conflicts. (4) Spare the Rod and Spoil the child 5) Punishment interferes with bond between parent and child. (6) Punishment can escalate to more frequent and dangerous actions against the child. (7) Anger and frustration becomes stored (8) Physical punishment gives unfair message. (9) Physical punishment gives message that hitting is an appropriate way to express feelings (Hunt, 1997) Some negative effects of spanking is some children will have anxiety disorders, drug and alcohol problems, antisocial behavior and depression were more prevalent among adults who had been spanked as children. Other problems are that it is easy for a parent to lose patience; light swats can escalate after repeated failures at curtailing inappropriate behavior (Blaker). Some positive effects include stirring the children in the right directions, making a child know right from wrong, kids will understand once they get older that they parents really care about their well being and the direction of their lives as a result of the spanking, and most of all spanking is a form of direct discipline. When to spank and the circumstances surroundings spanking is important knowledge. It is okay to spank a child when the child lies, steals, is disrespectful or disobedient or simply when the parent gets upset because they cannot take it anymore. A recent MSNBC article outlined some of the reader’s comments on their opinion about spanking. Rhonda feels that it all depends on your child. You have to match the discipline to the child. Spanking should be used as a last resort when nothing else works (MSNBC, 2007). Although Rhonda feels that spanking should be used as a last resort, Sherry from Charlotte, North Carolina says that spanking is a personal decision to be made by the parent (MSNBC, 2007). While Chris from Omaha, Nebraska feels that not hitting, not slapping but spanking works. Spanking is a controlled form of discipline, not an emotional outburst, or reaction to being angry – this is called hitting. There is a huge difference between spanking and hitting and those who use spanking as an effective disciplinary measure will have no problem defending the practice (MSNBC, 2007). I agree with Chris, spanking should not be done out of anger but as a mean of punishment to teach the child a lesson, or prevent the child from repeating the current situation. Bryan from Lake Worth Florida believes that it is a parental question that should be left up to the parent. They are the responsible ones, after all (MSNBC, 2007). Bryan has a good point; parents should be the ones that dictate when and how a child gets a spanked. Parents have been given the smaller end of the stick when it comes to their children. Finally Greg from Alabama feels that Spanking is the only effective method of child discipline. There is a difference between hitting and spanking, yet most experts think they are the same. Spanking is biblical and ordered by GOD. If God says it is OK we should listening (MSNBC, 2007). While Greg believes that spanking may be the only effective discipline, it also depends on the child and how spanking effects them. Cultural norms can play a big role when it comes to spanking. In the United States many people view spanking as a form of discipline, while some view it as an abusive model that may very well turn that child into an aggressive individual. Researchers from Duke University and other University around the world, conducted research to determine if culture plays a role in how parents spank their children. Of their results they came to the conclusion that mothers in Thailand were least likely to physically discipline their children, followed by mothers in China, the Philippines, Italy, India, and Kenya, with mothers in Kenya most likely to physically discipline their children (Science Daily, 2005). They also found that more frequent use of physical discipline was less strongly associated with child aggression and anxiety when it was perceived as being more culturally accepted, but physical discipline was also associated with more aggression and discipline regardless of the perception of cultural acceptance (Science Daily, 2005). Jessica Lansford, Ph. D. , a research scientist at the Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University also says a particular parenting practice may become a problem only if parents use it in a cultural context that does not support the practice (for example, if they migrate from one country to another)(Science Daily, 2005). Other negative effects of spanking are that it can create an association between pain and sexual pleasure. The buttock can be a child’s sexual sense of the human anatomy. Spanking also trespasses on one of the body’s most private and sexual areas – the buttock (Johnson, 2002). The sexual nature of the buttock is explained not only by their proximity to the genitals, but also by their high concentration of nerve endings which leads directly to sexual nerve centers. Hence, the buttocks are a major focus of sexual signals (Johnson, 2002). They also go to say spanking can interfere with a child’s normal sexual and psychological development. Slapping them can trigger powerful and involuntary sensations of sexual pleasures and a child who buttock are spanked may experience deep and lasting sexual shame (Johnson, 2002). There are a large majority of experts that believe that children should not be spanked especially girls. According to Jordan Riak, a retired school teacher and the executive director of Parents and teachers against Violence in Education, when a girl is spanked by her father or paddled by a male school teacher, she is being trained to submit. Risk also go to say when a school district permits teachers to paddle girls it is setting those girls up to be victims of future male authority figures, whether it be a boyfriend, husband or employer. Many of the experts associate spanking with sexual desires. Race and gender have a very big influence on spanking children. Does it make a difference who the child receives a spanking from? It is noted in the making of the slave that a woman spanking a boy teaches the boy to become submissive. â€Å"She would have a limited protective tendency toward her independent male offspring and would raise male offspring to be dependant like her. Nature had provided for this type of balance. We reverse nature by bullwhipping to the point of death. By her being left alone, unprotected, with the male image destroyed, the ordeal caused her to move from her psychologically dependant state to a frozen, independent state† (Lynch, 2005). In this independent state, â€Å"she will raise her male and female offspring in reversed roles. She will train him to be mentally weak and dependant, but physically strong† (Lynch, 2005). Because of this black children and male children are much more likely to be hit at home and school and spanking of boys tend to be more severe, more frequent and more aggressive than girls. Ironically, the research shows that while corporal punishment is counterproductive for all children, it is even more counterproductive for boys than girls (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is more common among low income parents, in the South, for boys, and by mothers, especially white mothers (those under age 33). Overall, older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment than younger parents (Day et al. , 1998; Straus and Stewart; Walsh, 2002). Parents that choose to spank their children have to know how young a child should be when they first start receiving spankings. A survey was conducted and it indicated that 94 percent of Americans spank their children by the time they are 3 or 4. About 36 percent of parents discipline their infants by slapping their hands or leg, spanking their buttock, pinching, shaking, hitting on the buttock with a belt or paddle, or slapping the infants face. More than half of the parents hit their children hit at age 12, a third at age 14, and 13 percent at age 17. Hitting a child with a belt or paddle is most common for children aged 5 to 12. (Straus and Stewart, 1998). There are many factitious beliefs when it comes to spanking. Some of the fact and fictions are: (1) Spanking is an effects way to manage behavior. Spanking is not a way to stop a child from misbehaving. It will only make a child misbehave more and can develop many problem because of the spanking. (2) I got hit when I was a kid and I turned out okay Because some people who were spanked turned out to live good and health lives, not all are so lucky. (3) If we don’t spank our children, they will grow up to be rotten. A child being rotten does not come from a lack of spanking. There are many children who grow up rotten while being spanked. 4) The bible says Spare the Rod and Spoil the child and I must obey God. The bible also says that children should honor thy mother and thy father, which could the reason that they are so many delinquent children and serial killers. The bible is used as a support tool for the dos and the don’ts when it comes to disciplining children. A similar method could just as well been used to justify slavery, suppression of women, polygamy, incest and infanticide. Basically to use the bible to spank is just an excuse (Block, 2007). Spanking imposed on a child early in life can have tremendous effect on a child’s psychological state. The National longitudinal Survey of young Mother-Child Sample conducted a study on 1,966 children younger than two. The results of this study confirmed that behavioral problems do not affect children until after the age of 4 in certain races. White non Hispanic families have the higher number of behavior problem associated with affects of mental, physical and behavioral problems as a result of spanking. Experts feel that spanking is no more effective than any other discipline. They feel that spanking is a short-term solution. Murray A. Straus, a professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire and co-director of that’s school Family Research Laboratory says it is no more effective than many other forms of discipline such as time outs, that work just as well in the short run and have no negative long term effects (Straus). Diana Baumrind, a research psychologist at the University of California feels that spanking is no more or less harmful than a mild scolding, timeout or other developmentally appropriate level and kind of punishment (MSNBC). The American Academy of Pediatrics is against spanking children. They feel that spanking children has potential side effects. Paul Frick, a researcher at Fisk University in New Orleans says that spanking and hitting can lead to later emotional and behavioral problems. Even children who are only smacked occasionally are more likely to show signs of depression or lower self – esteem (MSNBC). My personal view of spanking is that it should be administered only when warranted. Children should not be spanked when a parent had reached a boiling limit. I believe that if children are not spanked they have a higher chance of developing disrespectful tendencies. Spanking not only curbs a child’s attitude but it makes them more respectful to adults and authority. Society places labeled on children that misbehave and often blames the parents, but at the same time parents that spank their children are often ridiculed by their peers and society. I believe that other alternative methods should be tried before a spanking is given but if the other means do not work, then spank the child. Because spanking is one of the renowned topics discussed annually, Interviews as well as surveys are also conducted annually. ABCNEWS conducted a poll on if most Americans approved spanking; they found that by a public result by a 2-1 margin, many people approve spanking. In their study they found that 65 percent of Americans approved spanking, they also found that 50 percent of parents spanked their children while 45 percent do not (ABCNEWS). ABC says that there is a regional difference among southerners and the rest of the country. 73 percent of southerners approved of spanking children compared to the 60 percent elsewhere. This ABCNEWS poll was conducted by telephone Oct 25-29 in a random sample of about 1015 adults. The use of interviews makes a big difference in gaining public opinion and expert opinion. I conducted a survey of about 16 people on Feb 16 to get public (co workers, friends and family) opinion on if they believe that spanking harms or helps a child. These subjects were selected by race, age, marriage status, children or no children. 100 percent of the subjects believed that children should be spanked when appropriate or to teach a lesson, they also feel that it is appropriate to use belts and a verbal warning should be given before rendering a spanking. 0 percent of the respondents believed that child delinquents were spanked as a child while the other 50 percent believe that they were not. 100 percent of these subjects were spanked as a child and believes that if a child is spanked they will not grow up aggressive, hit others, feel humiliated or become angry. There were no considerable differences in those who feel spanking will have a harmful long term effect. Those opposed to s panking children believes that there are other methods for discipline children. Preventing or discouraging bad behavior is also more effective than punishing the child. Preventing measures include avoiding situations that may cause trouble, distracting the child with positive activities, ignoring minor transgressions that have few consequences and rewarding good behavior. Placing children in â€Å"time out† is the most effective way to manage disruptive behavior once it has occurred. Parents should consistent and fair in their interactions with children and should invest â€Å"time in† i. e. , special time each day devoted to the relationship. (Walling). The future of spanking is determined by those that utilize it. Many people believe that spanking will some day be banned. Many lawmakers have introduced bill that may potential change the way we spank our children. California Democratic assembly woman Sally Lieber introduced a bill that would outlaw this behavior with children under 4. If the bill becomes law, that parent in the parking lot could be charged with a misdemeanor punishable by a year in jail or a fine of up to $1,000 (MSNBC). Until we as Americans are forced to give up the practice of spanking, spanking will remain one of the most controversial and researched topic. Chapter III: Methodology While many of us were spanked as a child, we continue to spank our children for the reasons we see fit. Spanking children could pose some behavioral problems for some while no problems at all for others. There have been many debates over spanking; this chapter will address the studies conducted to verify if spanking poses any threat to children. It is determined that at least 94% of children have been spanked in the last year. A National Survey administered by the Commonwealth Fund found that 11% of parents reported spanking their child 6 to 11 months of age, 36% reported spanking a child 12 to 17 months and 59% reported spanking a child 18 to 23 months of age (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Dr’s Slade and Wissow conducted research by race to determine if spanking associates itself with behavioral problems in children under 4. Subject Selection and Description Using information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child (NLSY-MC), participants were selected using multistage stratified samples of dwellings, and group quarters. In the beginning, there were about 75,000 dwellings, over sampling African and Hispanic Americans and disadvantaged white. This selection focused on children under 21 in the home environment and child development. Starting in 1986 and continuing every two years thereafter, the NLSY-MC had 4845 children, 2879 were excluded for because of follow up interviews or had not yet attended preschool or elementary school. Other exclusion included missing values of child behavior and the use of spanking (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Of the exclusions of the study, 28. 2% vs. 23. 0; P 119, which stated that 10% children in this range have more frequent and more severe behavior problems than the other 90% of children in the United States (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Data Collection Procedures The data collected for the procedure were used using a likelihood ratio statistics to test the null hypothesis that probit model coefficient estimates were the same for the three ethnics / sub samples. Rejections of this hypothesis were used to determine if separate analyses by race/ethnic worked better for the data. The number of spankings was entered into the probit models as a quadratic term by spanking frequency and square of spanking frequency. Past research showed that the relationship between spanking and behavioral problems is nonlinear, with larger marginal effects observed at greater spanking frequencies. Slade and Wissow, 2003) Data Analysis During this study, models were used for each variable using full sample and 3 sub samples (white, African Americans and Hispanic Americans). The purpose of separating the samples was for the association of race and physical discipline of child behavior problems. The change in children who exhibited the outcome of change represented the estimated effect of a 1-unit increase in value of children who had BPI of >119 or those that displayed behavioral problems in school. For the dichotomous variable, the marginal effect change in value from 0 to 1 of children with those outcomes (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Some measures could have been correlated; the samples included 1 child per mother. Out of the 1540 samples used, 75% of mothers had one child, 21% of mothers had two children, 2% had three children and . 4% of mothers had four children used in this study. Limitations Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow encountered several limitations white conducting this study. First, the father of the children and other adults were not conducted, so there is not way of determining if the spankings were administered by the mother, father, or both. Second, they found that the limitation of this data to be influenced because of the magnitude associated between spanking and behavioral problems. Third, there is no available information available on other forms of punishments used on these children. They believe that other forms of punishments may also lead to other behavioral problems. Other rating behavioral problems by mothers but were not confirmed by an independent observation. Fourth, fewer than half of the obtained samples were in the Hispanic Americans and African Americans sub samples that limited associations of spanking and behavior problems which apply only to 8% to 13% of the overall sample. Fifth, many children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Mother-Child Sample (NLSY-MC) were excluded from this study because of missing information representing 59% of eligible children. Many of the participants did not attend follow up interviews which makes the samples more bias toward African American and Hispanic Americans. These biases might have reduced the magnitude of the association of spanking frequency and behavioral problems are likely to have been relatively more common among low-income whites whose children were excluded from this sample† (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter IV: Results The results of the study show differences (p < . 05) among the three sub samples. They indicate that the white non Hispanic respondents were from a hi gher socioeconomic background than those of the black and Hispanic backgrounds. Income factors were higher for White families ($46,400), followed by Hispanic families ($35,200) and Africa American families ($26,300). Comparing all three groups white mothers were more likely to be married (87. 8 % vs. 45. 5% and 75. 0%). They were more likely to have completed at least 12 years of schooling (46. 7% vs. 38. 2% and 31. 7%), were older, and were more likely to read to their children (68. 2% vs. 39. 1% and 40. 1%). African American mothers compared to white mothers, white mothers were spanked their children less often than black mothers, they were more likely to display positive interaction with their children, they were less likely to have parent-teacher meeting about child behavior, and they were less likely to have BPI scores of >119. African American mothers compared to Hispanic mothers, Hispanic mothers were more likely to be married (75. 0% vs. 45. 5%), and they were less likely to spank their children (2. 7 times vs. 4. 0 times) (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Associations of spanking and behavior problems were positive and significant with children that required parent-teachers conferences (x2 = 9. 807, P = . 007) and with the children that have BPI scores of >119 (x2 = 8. 901, P = . 012). This association differs among the three races. The white families showed that there is an significant and positive correlation with behavior problems and spanking (x2 = 17. 68, P < . 001), African American families being slightly positive and found not to be statistically significant (x2 – . 666, P = . 717), Hispanic families was negative and found not to be statistically significant (x2 = . 010, P = . 995). These results show that African American children and Hispanic children were more likely to have behavioral problem s when they were not spanked. White children who were spanked more frequently also displayed higher behavioral problems than those of Hispanic and African American children (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter V: Discussion / Findings Several important factors emerged from this paper as well as the different studies conducted for research on this topic. Overall, most parents not only reported using spanking as a means of controlling their child’s behavior but believes that spanking could pose no long term harm to their child as a result of spanking. In my study that I explored the association of spanking children to long term mental, physical, and sexual behaviors. I found that most of the respondents agree that they have spanked their children when warranted, they also believes that spanking their children was a way to control future behavioral problems. In the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow, they explored the associations of spanking frequency before age 2 with children risk of developing behavioral problems. Among the children in their study, there were substantial predictors for the children developing behavioral problems especially at schools. They addressed several possibilities that may be associated with the differences among the racial groups. They believe that spanking is greatly accepted among the African American group which means that they view spanking as less harsh and fair. In White families, where spanking is not used too often, children before the age of 2 could lead to other developmental problem for the child and problems for the parents. African Americans children were found in all studies to pose a higher risk for behavioral problems. Limitations As stated before there were several limitations encountered while conducting research on this paper. The only limitations that I encountered with my study were how often a child should be spanked, what a child should be spanked with and the difference between a spanking and a beating. The way I was spanked as a child, I would never spank my children that way. My mother basically used anything close to her hands to hit or throw. I got spanked with extension cords, broom sticks, hands, pans, clothes, tree branches and shoes. These limitations did not have an impact on this paper and the research that was conducted. It gave me a better insight as to other people opinion and what others thought about effective disciplinary actions that should be imposed on a child. The limitations of the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow was the (1) not knowing the adults that spanked the child, (2) a magnitude of behavioral problems an spankings, (3) no available information on the forms of punishments used, (4) the overall samples used for research were limited and (5) 59% of the participants were excluded from the study. Conclusions The findings of this research are simple. Effective discipline works for different individual. If a child is spanked they will grow up no less rotten or worse than a child who was not. A child can be spanked for different reasons using different methods. Spanking of long term effects draws a line of spanking and beatings. For us that were spanked as a child, we felt that we grew up without any problems. Some people feel that spanking does physical, emotional, mental and sexual harm to the child that is being spanked. The way a child grows up and the life they lead is not determined by the numbers of spanking that child receives. There is no knowledge or proven fact that spanking harms or helps a child, there is only personal and expert opinion. Recommendations As I conducted research on this topic, I thought of several recommendations that could be done to curb not only public opinion but the right for parents to spank their children the way they see fit. The public opinion could be one of the harshest opinions that a parent has to encounter. There is a fine line between beating and spankings; it is the public responsibility for self awareness. It is up to the public to research and acquire information about spankings before passing judgment. Parents need to know the potential associated risks for spanking children, as well as the upsides and downsides of spanking children. Parents need to also try other alternative methods before imposing a spanking on a child. 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The Negative Effects of Spanking—and Some Healthy Alternatives. Mothering. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http:/www. mothering. com/articles/growing_child/discipline/spare_the_rod. html Block, N. (2000). Abandon the Rod and Save the Child [electronic version]. The Humanist, 60. 2: p5. Block, N. (2007). Discipline at Home (EPOCH – USA). Spanking Fact and Fiction. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. stophitting. com/disathome/factAndFiction. php Campbell, S. (2002). Spare the rod to spare the child? Corporal Punishment remains popular in America, despite associated risks. (Parenting). (Brief Article) [electronic version]. Psychology Today, 35. 5:p26(1) Clayton, V. (2007). Discipline debate: Spanking gets a timeout. Proposed Calif. Law reignites battle over best way to deal with unruly tots. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/16929303/print/1/displaymode/1098 Colvard, K. (1996). Spanking and triage. 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(how spanking affects children later in life). [electronic version]. Time. V15. n8:pp65(1). Lynch, W. (2005). Willie Lynch letter: Making of a Slave. Retrieved June12,2007 from http://www. finalcall. com/artman/publish/printer_2167. shtml Rice, M. (2001). Experts† Spanking Harms Children, Especially Girls. Women’s E News. Retrieved June 12, 2007 from http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/662/context/archieve Slade, EP. , and Wissow, LS. (2004). Spanking in early Childhood and Later Behavior Problem: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers. Pediatrics. Vol. 113. n5 Spanking Leads To Child Aggression And Anxiety, Regardless Of Cultural Norm (2005). Science Daily. Retrieved June 12,2007, from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2005/11/051114110820. htm Spare the Rod. New International Version Bible Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. bible. com Spurgeon, D. (1999). Study leads to a call for an end to spanking. The Western Journal of Medicine. P381 Straus, M. (1996). Spanking and the making of a violent society. (The Short – and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment: Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). [electronic version] Pediatrics, v98. n4:pp837(6). Straus, M. (1998). The Behavorial Mearsurement Letter. Behavioral Mearsurement Database Service, v5. n2:pp3. To Spank or Not? Readers talk back. Many parents stand up to experts and support a smack on the bottom. (2007). Retrieved from http://www. msnbc. msn. om/id/17010115/print/1/displaymode/1098/ Walling, A. D. (2000). Discipling Children Without Spanking. American Family Physician. 62. 10: p2344. Wellbery C. (2005). Effects of spanking in early childhood. (Tips). [electronic version]. American Family Physician. 71. 6:p1188. Appendix A: Pagination Appendix B: How to Thrive in Graduate School There are several things that could be done to thrive in graduate school. The first is dedication. If you are not dedicated to school, there is no chance that success will happen. The second are goals. In order to accomplish the task of completing graduate school, goals must be set and completed. Graduate school takes determination. If success is not determined by those that strive to succeed, there is no chance of completing graduate school. Time is another important factor in completing graduate school. A person must know how to manage their time for school and personal issues. In order to survive graduate school, a person must want it. Appendix C: How to survive the Research Paper Experience Since I have survived several research paper experiences, this being the hardest, I believe that in order to survive this experience take a lot of time and discipline. I found it to be difficult with finding the best material for the paper. Some of the materials were 30 or more pages, which must be read through to get accurate information. Researched papers are detailed and defined with information that could possible have future use. There must be a dedication to ensure that the paper is completed and turned in on time and a second pair of eyes on the paper to ensure no mistakes are made. Surviving a research paper is somewhat frustrating especially if time does not permit but once the paper is completed there is a sense of fulfillment. ———————– 2 4 13

Goodner Brother Inc Essay

1. Key internal control objectives of Goodner’s Huntington Sales Office: a. Controls should be able to prevent and detect fraud. Authorization should be required for every sales transaction. Woody would not be able to sell returned tires from customers and consignees for his own benefits if all sales transactions needed prior management’s approval. b. Controls should aim at safeguarding physical assets. Sales Office should ensure that only certain authorized personnel could get access to the warehouse and at any time security should be enforced to minimize inventory shortages and shrinkages c. Controls should ensure the completeness and accuracy of accounting records. Woody would charge merchandise that he sold for his benefit to the accounts of large volume customers. Or in other words, Woody has altered the nature of the transactions by inflating the number of tires the customers actually ordered. 2. Key internal control weaknesses that were evident in the Huntington unit’s operations a. Strong reliance on the honesty and integrity of the employees they hired. The company recruited its personnel basing off references and recommendations; however this practice could not make up for the lack of a strong internal control system. b. Insufficient personnel. Its crew of 10 to 12 people had to staff its 14 sales outlets. Many of Goodner’s personnel had to take on double positions such as Goodner’s secretary who worked as both the receptionist and the bookkeeper. c. Unrestricted access to the accounting system by the unit’s sales manager and two sales representatives. This gave Woody a good opportunity to commit fraud. d. Lack of security for its tire inventory, which typically ranged from $300,000 to $700,000 per each sales outlet. 3. Control policies or procedures to alleviate the control weaknesses identified in question 2: a. Authorization of transactions: Management approval should be required on all transactions. Otherwise, the tire purchase request should be made by one individual and got approved by a different one. b. Segregation of duties: The secretary should not act as both the secretary and the receptionist. Report on returned items should be generated by one individual and then another individual should receive and put the returned items back to stock.

Humanities and Architecture †Gio Ponti Essay

Sculpture is created by merging durable or plastic material, commonly stone either rock or marble, limestone, ivory, and/or granite. Sculptures are created through carving and/or assembled, built together and welded, or molded by sculptors. In addition, sculptures are three-dimensional art-work that can be seen commonly in public places. In renaissance period, many sculptors were known in Europe. Some of the sculptors known in continental Europe were Giovanni and Michelangelo. Example of a sculpture is the Pantheon that was made by Marcus Agrippa, a Roman sculptor. On the other hand, architecture can be defined through as process and as a profession. As a process, architecture is the act of drafting and constructing buildings and other physical structures, principally to draft buildings. In literary context, architecture takes into account more of the designs of the structures. From the macro level of how a building combines with its surrounding landscape (e. g. rural design, and landscape architecture) to the micro level of construction details and, sometimes, furniture, architecture plays a major role in its construction. Basically, architecture is the activity of drafting any variety of system. System integration Merging architecture and sculpture in modern world is called Archi-Sculpture. Innovations applied in construction and project designs through modern day technologies and discoveries new materials allowed architects to draft buildings with sculpture type designs. One of the purpose of mixing architecture and sculpture in buildings make sense in designing structures that are historical, exquisite and scenic depending on the type/kind of buildings. Example of structures in which Archi-sculpture can be seen includes Sagrada Familia in Barcelona and Crypt of the Church of Colonia Guell by Gaudi. Implicitly, sculpture and architecture are two different areas of studies which are overlapping in nature. Sculpture became more useful and tectonic, making a link with the geometric designs which are fundamentals of architecture. Likewise, architecture became revolutionary with the used of sculptural concepts and/or ideas. In example, the dramatic architecture of R. Steiner defined the propinquity between anthropomorphous architecture and figurative sculpture. In our modern day living, the Blob architecture of Greg Lynn and Lars Spuybroek are examples of Archi-sculpture. The pre-World War II era (1900’s) was recognized as the Age of Sculpture, today. In the history of architecture, the curved walls in Gallery exemplify a good example of sculptural style in modern day structural design. On the whole, sculpture and architecture are two different studies that can be mixed, wherein statues and buildings complement to each other, designs and drafts could include sculpture concepts, and sculptures are better seen along and within structures. Demarcation between sculpture and architecture Sculptors are the laborers of their own work. They are the ones who carves, mould rocks, stones, and marbles to make statues and figures. Unlike architects, they are only responsible for the design of the buildings. They are not the ones who make the buildings; the engineers are the ones who implement/follow the designs of the architects. In addition, sculptures are more of aesthetics, beautifications, historical and part of culture. Architecture focus on how to design structures, involves drafting, used of materials, designs, used of geometric forms, and concerns with space. While the rationale of sculpture is to entertain, architecture’s focal point is to create/draft structures. Consequently, sculpture is more of subjective (art) than objective nature (and vice versa for architecture concepts). Gaudi and Mies architectural style Gaudi’s gothic architecture was remembered as stylistic insult during the later part of renaissance. It was described with pointed arch, the ribbed vault and flying buttress. Many of the old churches, universities, castles, and palaces were designed using gothic architecture. The Sagrada Familia, one of Gaudi’s greatest designs, combines sculptural and architectural ideas. Until today, the construction of Sagrada Familia is still continuing. With the project’s vast scale and peculiar design, Barcelona made its way in top tourist attractions in the world. Its style was celebrated as irregular and fantastically obscure. Gaudi’s architectural style describes a complete and straightforward method, providing an example of the spontaneous and basic methods. His artistic style allowed him to attain balanced forms comparable to which nature offers. Gaudi’s architecture portrays the totality of his artistic contribution of combining materials, methods and poetics (which is sculptural). His approach to furniture design was a graceful spatial continuum that goes beyond structural expression and integrates with the sculptural idea. Conversely, Mies structural designs of traditional custom houses were pulled away by critics/progressive theorists for attaching historical ornament unrelated to a modern structure’s underlying construction. The earth-resting structure of Mies defies the concept of earth-rooted type of architecture. Critics suggest Mies designs which do not reflect to the environment. The structures built by him do not complement with the landscape or the environment itself. Mies architectural designs are more of an isolated type of structures which doesn’t fit to most of the people’s interest. Earth-resting architecture does not relate to the earth or landscape of the buildings which appears to be off-nature to the progressive theorists/critics of Mies.

Analysis Poem No Coward Soul Is Mine

With wide-embracing love Thy Spirit animates eternal years, Pervades and broods above, Changes, sustains, dissolves, creates, and rears. Though earth and man were gone, And suns and universes ceased to be, And Thou wert left alone, Every existence would exist in Thee. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou — Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed. Analysis Connotative words: First stanza In the second line, storm-troubled has negative connotative meaning. Denotative meaning from storm is an extreme weather condition with very strong wind, heavy rain, and lighting; and the denotative meaning of trouble s to cause someone to have a problems or difficulties. The word storm-troubled is a compound verb that has connotative meaning an activity of destroying something with the powerful energy or an activity that can cause a dangerous effect. In the fourth line, shines has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from shines as verb is to send out or reflect light; the connotative meaning is to show something or looks like. Also in fourth line, the word arming has positive connotative meaning. The word arming comes from word arm and affix  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œing. Arming then has meaning as verb. The denotative meaning from arm is part of body which consist of two long parts of the upper body that fixed to the shoulders and have hands at the end. The connotative meaning from arming is to embrace or to hug someone, also to save or to make safety from something. Second stanza In the first line, the word breast has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from breast is part of body, especially has relation with women. The connotative meaning from this word is deep inside of heart. In this line the poet wants to show that she really believes in God, so that she says that God in her breast or in her deep inside of her heart. Fourth Stanza In the fourth line, Rock has positive connotative meaning. The denotation meaning of rock is the dry solid part of the Earth’s surface; stone. The connotative meaning of Rock here is the faith, beliefs, or religion that people have to have. Seventh Stanza In the third line, Being and Breath has positive connotative meanings. The denotative meaning of being is a person or thing that exists or the state of existing; and breath is the air that goes into and out of lungs. The connotative meaning of those words is the One who only has the being forever or the One who can give a life or soul for the creature. Analysis Poem No Coward Soul Is Mine With wide-embracing love Thy Spirit animates eternal years, Pervades and broods above, Changes, sustains, dissolves, creates, and rears. Though earth and man were gone, And suns and universes ceased to be, And Thou wert left alone, Every existence would exist in Thee. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou — Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed. Analysis Connotative words: First stanza In the second line, storm-troubled has negative connotative meaning. Denotative meaning from storm is an extreme weather condition with very strong wind, heavy rain, and lighting; and the denotative meaning of trouble s to cause someone to have a problems or difficulties. The word storm-troubled is a compound verb that has connotative meaning an activity of destroying something with the powerful energy or an activity that can cause a dangerous effect. In the fourth line, shines has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from shines as verb is to send out or reflect light; the connotative meaning is to show something or looks like. Also in fourth line, the word arming has positive connotative meaning. The word arming comes from word arm and affix  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œing. Arming then has meaning as verb. The denotative meaning from arm is part of body which consist of two long parts of the upper body that fixed to the shoulders and have hands at the end. The connotative meaning from arming is to embrace or to hug someone, also to save or to make safety from something. Second stanza In the first line, the word breast has positive connotative meaning. The denotative meaning from breast is part of body, especially has relation with women. The connotative meaning from this word is deep inside of heart. In this line the poet wants to show that she really believes in God, so that she says that God in her breast or in her deep inside of her heart. Fourth Stanza In the fourth line, Rock has positive connotative meaning. The denotation meaning of rock is the dry solid part of the Earth’s surface; stone. The connotative meaning of Rock here is the faith, beliefs, or religion that people have to have. Seventh Stanza In the third line, Being and Breath has positive connotative meanings. The denotative meaning of being is a person or thing that exists or the state of existing; and breath is the air that goes into and out of lungs. The connotative meaning of those words is the One who only has the being forever or the One who can give a life or soul for the creature.